Computer Technology

  • DAE CIT 3 YEAR  (SBTE)
  • Diploma in Software Engineering 1 year (SBTE Diploma) 

  • Advanced Certificate Information Technology – ACIT Course – 4 Months 

  • Diploma in Advanced Web Development  (with PHP & MySQL)

  • Ethical Hacking Course

  • Diploma in Big Data – Machine Learning 

  • Diploma Information Technology – DIT (1 Year SBTE)

Mechanical Technology




Semester/Term 1


Calculus and AnalyticalGeometry
Applied Physics 
Applied Chemistry
Functional English 
Computer Systemsand Programming 
Engineering Drawingand Graphics 

Semester/Term 2

Islamic Studies/Ethics 
Electrical Engineering 
Linear Algebra andOrdinary DifferentialEquations
Communication Skills
Workshop Practice
 EngineeringMechanics-I: 
Statics 
Thermodynamics-I 


Semester/Term 335


Pakistan Studies 
EngineeringMechanics-II:
Dynamics 
Mechanics ofMaterials–I 
Engineering Materials 
Thermodynamics-II 
Fluid Mechanics-I 

Semester/Term 4

 ElectronicsEngineering
Complex Variablesand Transforms 
Social Sciences(Elective)
Machine Design andCAD-
Mechanics ofMaterials–II
Fluid Mechanics-II 

Semester/Term 5


Technical Report Writingand Presentation Skills
Numerical Analysis
Machine Design & CAD-II
Precision Engineering andMetrology 
Heat & Mass Transfer 

Semester/Term 6
 


Applied Statistics 

ManufacturingProcesses 
Control Engineering
Mechanics ofMachines 
 Refrigeration and AirConditioning 

Semester/Term 7


EngineeringEconomics 
MechanicalVibrations 
Internal CombustionEngines
Technical Elective-I 
Project

Semester/Term 8

Technical Elective-II 
Technical Elective-III 
 Management Elective 
 Project 

Marketing


  1. Certified Corporate Sale  Associate (CCSA)
  2. Sales & Marketing Certificate Course – Salesmanship
  3. Professional Digital Marketing Diploma
  4. Social Media Marketing – Complete Course
  5. Google AdWords Course – Online Marketing
  6. Digital Marketing
  7. Search Engine Optimization
  8. Social Media Marketing
  9. Branding
  10. Marketing Fundamentals
  11. Analytics & Automation
  12. Public Relations
  13. Advertising
  14. Video & Mobile Marketing
  15. Content Marketing
  16. Growth Hacking
  17. Affiliate Marketing
  18. Product Marketing

Other



Gas & Petroleum Technology



Semester-I

Functional English 

Islamic Studies 
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering 
Applied Physics 
Applied Mathematics-
Workshop Practices 

Semester-II

Pakistan Studies 

Applied Geology 
Applied Chemistry 
Applied Mathematics-II
Engineering Drawing & Graphics 
Communication Skills

Semester-III


Stratigraphy and Structural Geology

Computer Programming and Software applications
Introduction to Electrical Engineering 
Applied Mathematics-III 
Fluid Mechanics 
Technical Writing & Presentation Skills  


Semester-IV

Drilling Engineering-I

Applied Thermodynamics
Applied Statistics 
Petroleum Geology & Geophysical Exploration 
Mechanics of Materials

Semester-V


Petrophysics 

Properties of Reservoir Fluids 
Drilling Engineering-II
Applied Numerical Methods 
 Social Sciences 3 0 

Semester-VI


Well Logging 

Reservoir Engineering 
Petroleum Production Engineering-I
Natural Gas Engineering
Environment and Safety Management 

Semester-VII


 Well Testing 

Petroleum Production Engineering-II 
Gas Reservoir Engineering
Project Planning & Management 
Instrumentation and Process Control

Semester-VIII 


Principles of Enhanced Oil Recovery

 Reservoir Simulation 
Petroleum Economics
Petroleum Refinery Engineering 
Project 


engineering topic

1. Gas & Petroleum engineering –

The most appealing science degree in terms of money is petroleum engineering. As you have already guessed by its name, petroleum engineers search for natural reservoirs of petroleum and then help recover it. If you are considering studying this type of engineering, don’t forget that knowledge of chemistry, math, and geology are also needed. Nevertheless, average annual salaries provided by a company are more than enough to justify the intellectual investment. At the same time, it is a real challenge! 

2. Nuclear engineering – 

Working with nuclear energy, these engineers derive benefits from radiation and research and develop systems, equipment, and tools for putting nuclear resources to the good use, for example, in medicine and industrial engineering. Their services are highly sought after (regardless of whether you have a masters or bachelors degree) but is one of the riskier engineering careers you can find. 

3. Chemical engineering – 

Chemical engineering graduates can expect to start off with about 65K a year and their work would involve design, development, and production of various products and chemicals. You can choose any industry you are interested in including pharmaceuticals, energy, food and drink, oil and gas or plastics.

4. Computer Science – 

Just think of Mark Zuckerberg and all your questions will vanish in the air. IT professionals get paid quite a lot for their labor. Employers are prepared to pay a high median annual salary even for college graduates.

5. Aerospace engineering –

Doing all sorts of things from designing parts of aircrafts to manufacturing missiles, aerospace engineering seems quite interesting to study and work in. Since every aerospace product is completely different, most engineers focus on just one whether it be satellites, missiles or commercial planes. Please bear in mind that these positions are usually affected by national programs and support so you will have a close connection with the public sector. 

6. Electrical engineering – 

Working with electrical devices and components is obviously a part of the job of electrical engineers. Despite what you might think, it is an exciting and cutting-edge career: everyone needs to keep up with the latest technological advancements. Experienced professionals working in the United States can get quite a nice compensation based on the level of technical knowledge and experience in the field. 

7. Mechanical engineering – 

The work and salary of a mechanical engineer vary at times and can include anything from small solutions to the development of large plants and vehicles. Mechanical engineers are needed in most industries and can be involved in all aspects of work from research and development to manufacturing, management, and production.

8. Civil engineering – 

Civil engineering graduates are in high demand these days. Every big city needs roads, bridges, as well as various transportation facilities, and this is where civil engineers get the most employment. Learning how to build all sorts of different buildings and infrastructure they can also protect the environment by designing and implementing environmentally-friendly projects. Thus, civil engineer salary can be quite high depending on project and education. 

9. Biomedical engineering – 

Another sub-specialty of engineering is focusing on solving medical and biological issues. Biomedical engineers can choose a preferred place to work at among hospitals, engineering firms or medical supply companies.

10. Architectural engineering – 

Architectural engineers make sure a building will not take any structural, environmental damage or collapse in a few years and work on lighting, heating, air conditioning and plumbing. Dividing the time between working with CAD software in the office and construction sites, they need good communicative skills in order to work well in teams. Although personal requirements are quite low in comparison to other engineering professions, you can still have a really nice career. 

world history part 11

Portugal  gave up its last colony, on December
20, 1999 after a long period of imperialism.
Vladimir Putin  on March 16, 2000 won the presidential election and became the President of Russia and in 2004 he was again reelected.
In September 2004, Russia endorsed the Kyoto
protocol on climate change.
In July 2004, the Butler report on Pre-Iraq British
intelligence was released i.e., the intelligence report on Iraq’s possession of biological weapons
are false and misleading.
In March 2000, the Pope issued an apology for
sins committed by Catholics over the past 2000
years, including religious persecutions and discrimination against women. In 2003, the Vatican
launched an international campaign against
leaglising same-sex marriage.
In 2002 Niyazov the President of Turkmenistan
renamed all the months of the Calendar April is
now named after his mother. He was voted president for life-by his rubber stamp Parliament in
1999. He died recently.
Scottish writer Ali Smith’s, ‘The Accidental’
wins the 2006 Whitbread prize.
In June 2006 Montenegro’s Parliament proclaims
independence forming a new European state. It is
the 192 member in the UN.
French adventurer Raphaela le Gouvello becomes
the world’s first person to windsurf the Indian ocean,
reaching Reunion Island after a 60-day Odyssey.
SMART 1, Europe’s first space craft to the Moon
launched in September 2003, ends its mission with
a planned crash on the lunar surface on 3 September 2006.
Africa
In 2004 January Algeria assumed a two-year seat
on the UN Security council.
In March 2002, Zimbabwe was suspended from
the Commonwealth of Nations.
In 2003, an outbreak of polio spread throughNigeria.
The Kano region lifted its ten-month ban against vaccination in July 2004. On Aug 24, there were 602 polio
cases world wide 79% of which were in Nigeria.
Over 1,300 people are killed after an Egyptian cruise
liner sinks in the Red Sea between Duba in Saudi
Arabia and Safaga in Egypt on 3 February 2006.
A new tomb is discovered in the Egyptian valley
of the kings the first since the 1922 unravelling of
king Tatankhamun’s tomb.
On 7 December Joseph Kabila sworn in as the
first democratically elected President of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
North America
In 2001 George W. Bush sworn in as the 43rd
President of the United States of America.
The August and September 2004, four hurricanes
Kathrina, Rita, Gama etc) devastated Florida and
other parts of Southern United States.
In the Presidential elections 2004, Bush got a majority of votes to rule the state for a second term
by defeating John Kerry.
In 2001 Canada legalised medical Marijuana for
the terminally or chronically ill. It began legally
dispensing Marijuana by prescription in July 2003.
As per the report of the Transparency International 2006 Haiti is the most corrupt country in
the world.
NASA’s Stardust space craft returned to earth with
the first comet dust samples and landed in the Utah
desert after seven years journey, in 2006 January 15.
In 2006, February 7, the Haitians cast ballots in
the country’s first presidential election in nearly
six years.
Space shuttle Discovery safely landed in Florida
competing a 13 day mission on 17 July 2006.
South America
In Januray 2003,Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, a former
trade union leader and factory worker widely
known by the name Lula, became Brazil’s first
working class President.
In March 2000 Ricardo Lagos became the first
socialist President of Chile. In 2004, Chile passed
a law permitting divorce for the first time.
According to 2004 polls cited in the Economist,
Alejandro Toledo, the President of Peru is Latin
America’s least popular leader.

On 11 March 2006 Michelle Bachlet is sworn in
as Chile’s first woman president.
Now there is a trend in South America that several of its countries moving to the communist side
of political ideology.
Australia
Harriet a 178 year old giant tortoise credited with
helping Charles Darwin pioneer the theory of evolution dies in Australia in 2006 June 22.
Australian Crocodile hunter Steve Irwin (44) died
on September 4, 2006 following a stingray blow
to the chest while filming a documentary on the
Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Port Douglas in
Queenland state.
Marsupial lions, Kangaroos as tall as trucks and
wombats the size of a rhinoceros roamed
Australias outback before being killed off by fires
it by arriving humans. The giant animals lived in
the arid Nullarbor Desert around 400,000 years
ago, but died out around 50,000 year ago, relatively shortly after the arrival of human settlers,
according to new fossil skeletons found in Caves.
Selected Questions
from World History
Father of History
Herodotus
Iron was accidently discovered by
Neanderthal man
Humans with similarity to the Neanderthal man
Cromagnans
Mesopotamian ruler who gave a famous code of
laws
Hammurabi
The Cunieform script was discovered by
Sumerians
Largest Pyramid of Egypt
Khufu
Large temple in ancient Egypt dedicated to Sun
God
Temple of Abusimbel
Three states of China existed in the 300 BC
Chin, Chu, Ehi
Siesmograph was discovered by
Ancient Chinese
Most important Persian ruler who lived in BC 600
Cyrus
God of Parsies or Zorastrians
Ahuramazda
Most famous ruler of ancient Athens
Pericles
Olygarchy is a form of government led by .
a group of rich people
Greek poetess who sung about love, nature and
beauty
Sappho
Greek poet who wrote poems in honour of victorious athletes
Pindar
Father of tragic dramas
Aeschilus
Father of Comic dramas
Sophocles
Most important example of Greek architecture
Temple of Parthenon
The word Heirogliphic means
Sacred Writing
Philosopher king of Rome
Marcus Areleus
Famous Orator of Greece
Cesero
The Roman Governor who gave the verdict to
crucify christ
Pontheos Pelathose
The birth place of Prophet Muhammed
Mecca
Who as the wife of Prophet Muhammed
Khadeija
Which place is known as the Bermingham of Central Africa
Sinja – Trophus
Most famous ruler of Mali in Africa
Manga Kangan Muza
Time taken to complete the construction of the
Great Pyramid in Egypt
20 years


Who was the commander of Carthage in the Punic wars
Hannibal
Who became the ruler of Rome after Julius Caeser
Octavian (Augustus Caesar)
Country known as the nest of singing birds
England
Perceolis was the capital of the ancient Empire
Persia
The hanging gardens of Babilona was built in
the name of
Nebuchandnessar
Only South East Asian country never occupied
by any European powers
Thailand
Famous chinese king Shihuangti belonged to
Chin dynasty
Which ancient civilisation was famous for secular architecture
Persian
The tutelary diety of the city ‘UR’ in Mesopotamia
Nannar
The Mayan calendar had
18 months
Buddhism reached China from India during the
period of
Han dynasty
Golden Age of Rome is the period of Augustus
Caesar
Most cultured civilisation of Middle Ages was of
Arabs
Which was the language of learning of the Middle
Ages
Latin
First university in the world was started in Paris
Which subject was known as Queen of Sciences
during the Middle Ages
Theology
Who was the immediate successor of prophet
Muhammed or first Khalifa
Abubekker
Capital of Arab Empire during th Abbsasid rule
Baghdad
Frist Industrially developed country in Asia
Japan
The Capital of Japan in the 8th Century
Nara
Ancient religion of Japan
Shintoism
Architectural style developed in France
Goethic
The mount where Saint Benedict founded his
monastery
Monte Cassino
Holy Ka aba was built by
Prophet Ebrahim
The capture of constantinople by the Suljek
Turks resulted in the decline of
Byzantine Empire
The prophet of French Revolution
Rasseau
Nationalisation of Suez Canal was done by
Col. Gamal Abdul Nazar of Egypt
Japanese Parliament is known as
Diet
Battle in which Napolean was defeated in 1815
Battle of Trafalgar
Unification of Germany was done by
Bismark
Pakistan President who was hanged to death in
1979
Sulfiker Ali Bhuto
English king who was trialed and executed
publically in 1649
Charles I
English king who signed the Magnacarta in 1215
John
Treaty which ended the Ruso-Japanese battle of
1905
Treaty of Portsmouth
Co-operative movement was started in England
in 1821 by
Robert Oven

Small Island where Columbus landed in 1492
Wattlings Island
Amerigo Vespucci who identified America belonged to
Italy
The petition submitted American colonists before king George III of England in 1774
Olive Branch Petition
The Queen who was known as Madam Deficit
Mary Antoinet (France)
Oath of Tennis Court is related to
French Revolution
Water Loo where Napoleon was defeated is situated in
Near Brussels in Belgium
Nepoleon Bonapparte was died in the year
1821
Who is considered as the father of Scientific Socialism
Karl Marx
Work which is considered as the birth cry of modern socialism
Communist Manfesto
Open Door Policy’ was introduced by
USA
The rebellion led by the peasants of Keniya
against the British
Mau-Mau-Rebellion
Russian Parliament was known as
Duma
Spy organisation formed by Germany during the
second world war
Fifth Columists
The policy of USA which helped Britain and
France during the Second World War
Cash and Carry Policy
Party which became prominent in Britain after the
Second World War
Labour Party
Trojan horse tactics was the policy adopted during the Second World War by
Germany
Leader of Indonesian Nationalism
Dr. Sukarno
Vietnamis freedom struggle was led by
Ho Chimin
Who banned ‘Shake Hand’ in Italy in 1930
Benitto Mussolini
Saudi Arabian king who gave the name to the
country in 1925
Abdul Aziz Sand
Persia came to be known as Iran from
9th March 1935
Symbol accepted by Hitler for German national
flag
Swastika
Lover of Hitler
Iva Brown
Country ousted from League of Nations in 1939
U.S.S.R
Hitler and his wife Iva Brown committed suicide
in
30 April 1945
Mussolini and his wife Claretta were killed by the
Italian Guerillas in
28 April 1945
Which city is called by its natives as ‘The Big
Apple
New York
Who questioned the Sale of Indulgence
Martin Luther
Founder of Salvation Army
William Booth
Who killed Abraham Lincoln in 1865
Wilks Booth
Princess Diana was killed in a car accident in Paris
on 31 August 1997.
Communist leader who proclaimed war with Cuban ruler Batista in 1958
Fidel Castro
The Great fire of London was in the year 1666.
Chinese President who adopted christianity in
1980
Chiang Kaishek
Mussolini was captured and killed at
Como
Founder of Comintang Party –
Dr. Sunyat Sen




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world history part 10

Aguaretiente is a liquor obtained from sugarcane
used in Latin America
Latin American Tea is known as Mate.
Most of the Latin American countries follow
Christianity.
Brazilian dance is known as Samba
Cuba – Conga
Argentina – Tango
Bolivia & Chile – Cueca
Mexico – Jarabe Tapatio
Japan
Japan is an Island nation of the North Pacific.
The name Japan was originated from the name
Zipangu used by Marco Polo in Italian language.
The official name of Japan is Nippon or Nihon,
which means the source of the Sun.
Japan is known as the ‘Land of Rising Sun’ or
Britain of the East’.
Iasu Tokugama who ruled Japan the 16th Century is known as ‘Napolean of Japan’.
Tokyo became the capital of Japan during enlightened rule (Meiji Age) which is known as the
Golden Age of Japan.
First constitution of Japan came to force in 1889
and the Japanese Parliament Diet was formed.
Geographically Japan is situated in ‘‘the Ring of
fire’’ which is in the coast the Pacific ocean with
lot of volcanoes.
Mount Fujiyama is the highest mount in Japan.
In the first World War Japan was in the part of
Allied Powers.
Japan joined the Second World War in 1940 on
the part of Italy and Germany.
On 7 December 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbour.
This resulted in the entry of USA into the Second
World War.
America dropped an Atom Bomb named ‘Little
boy’ in Hiroshima from an aircraft named ‘Inola
Gay’ on 6, August 1945. Later another bomb
Fatman’ was dropped in Nagasaki from an aircraft named ‘Box car’ on 9 August 1945. Follwed
by the Japan surrendered before the Axis Powers
on 2 September 1945. The treaty of surrender was
signed in a ship named USS Missourie in the Bay
of Tokyo.
Kabuki is a form of stage drama in Japan.
Bunraku – a puppet theatre
Sumo is a Japanese form of Wrestling.
Ikebana – Japanese style of flower arranging
Sake – Rice wine made in Japan
Cloisonne – A Japanese type of decorative enameling
Origami – The Japanese art of folding paper into
decorative objects.
Kawabata Yasunari is the first Japanese to win
the Nobel Prize (1968) for literature. ‘Snow Country’ is the book authored by him.
Yuichiro Miura : 70 year old man who became
the oldest to conquer Mt Everest in May 22, 2003.
Junko Tabei First woman to climb mount Everest.
Manasobu Fukuvoka is the author of the famous
book ‘One Straw Revolution’. He was a famous
agricultural scientist.
Jimmu Tenno : He was supposedly the first emperor of Japan. In 660 BC he became the Emperor.
Hirohito became the first Japanese emperor who
travelled outside Japan in 1971.
World’s longest suspension bridge, the Akasi
Kaikyo Bridge (1990 metres) is in Japan. It connects the Island of Honshee and the Island of
Shikoku.
Japan’s largest single export is Crude Oil.
Yomeeyerie shimbon’ a News paper in Japan has
the largest circulation in the world. It is also published in English with the name ‘Daily Yomiyurie’.
The Japan’s economy ranks second only to USA
in terms of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Japan has the largest fishing industry in the world.
New PM of Japan is Shinzo Abe (Liberal Democratic Party)

INDIA AND PAKISTAN
Muhammed Ali Jinna was the founder of Pakistan. He was the first Governor General of the
Dominion of Pakistan.
Jinna house is in Mumbai.
Pakistan observes its independence day on August 14
Jinna is called the father of Pakistan.
Pakistan proclaimed itself an Islamic Republic in
1956.
Poet – Philosopher Muhammed Iqbal, first articulated the concept of Pakistan in 1931.
Pakistan’s first free elections were held in December 1970.
Bangladesh was separated from Pakistan in march
26, 1971.
On 28 and 30 may 1998 Pakistan carried out five
nuclear tests in the desert of Baluchistan at the
Chagai Hills in response to India’s test.
On 12 Octber 1999, General Pervez Musharrafin
a military coup deposed the Premier Nawaz
Sherif and suspended the constitution.
In 2001 he became the President of Pakistan.
Musharraf’s presidency was extended by five
more years till 2007.
The Tashkent Agreement was signed on January 10, 1966. This Agreement was signed by Lal
Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan just after the
1965 Indo – Pak War. On January 11, Shastri died
at Tashkent.
Now Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekisthan.
The Shimla Agreement of 1972 was signed between India and Pakistan after the 1971 battles.
The Lahore Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan just before the ‘Operation Vijay
of 1999 in Kargil to expel the ussurpers.
Th Radcliff line separates India from Pakistan,
the Durand Line is between Pakistan and
Afghanisthan and the McMohan Line is between
India and China.
Siachin Glacier which lies between India and Pakistan is referred as the highest and the coldest
battle field in the world.
The Agra Summit (2002) between Musharaff
and AB Vajpayee ended in failure. Aim-solving
bilateral problems.
Pak conspirations attacked Indian Parliament in
2001 that led to the verge of a war.
Relation worsened due to the Mumbai blasts in
July 2006
In the side line NAM summit in Havana (2006
September) both agreed to continue to the peace
process
THE SOUTH AFRICAN STORY
The Union of South Africa was formed in 1910.
It became a Republic in 31 May 1961.
Nelson Mandela was released from prison in 1990
after 27 years of imprisonment. He was imprisoned at
Robert Islands In 1994 he
sworn in as the first black
President of South Africa.
His term ended in 1999.
First Democratic President
of South Africa is Nelson
Mandela. Thabo Mbeki, the President of ANC
(Africa National Congress) succeeded Nelson
Mandela as the President of South Africa in 1999.
Nelson Mandela was the second foreigner to receive the Bharat Ratna.
The first foregner to receive Bharat Ratna was
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the ‘Frontier Gandhi
South Africa is the leading producer of gold in
the World.
African Development Bank (ADB)was formally established in 1964 and began its operation in 1966.
Organization of African Unity (OAU/ OUA)was
formed in 1963, with its headquarters at Addis
Ababa (Ethiopia)
Gulf War I and II
The Gulf War (1991) was fought between the
US led multinational forces and Iraq to expel Iraqi
troops from Kuwait. Its code name was Operation Desert Storm.
Operation Desert Foxwas the continuation of
operation Desert storm.

Operation Iraqi Freedomwas launched to 2003
to expel Saddam Hussain from Iraq. USA and
England jointly launched the operation. This war
is known as Gulf War II.
Their aim was to establish democracy
But still Civil War goes on there.
Earth Summit I & II
The first Earth Summit was held at Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil in 1992.
In 2002 the second Summit was held at
Johannasburg in South Africa.
April 22 is Earth Day.
The motto, of the Summit was ‘Substainable Development’.
WORLD AFTER 2000
Asia
Afghanisthan was under the Taliban forces
headed by Mulla Omar since 1995. The Islamic
government of the Talibans was ousted by the
UN forces in November 2001. In 2002 Hamid
Karzai was elected the President.
The August 2003 NATO assumed its first ever
operational commitment outside Europe when it
took control of the security of Kabul.
On 9 October 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first
democratically elected President of Afghanistan.
The National Assembly of Pakistan was inaugurated on 19 december 2005.
In December 2005,King Jigme Singye Wangchuk
announced that he would step down as king of
Bhutan in 2008 and would be succeeded by his
son, the crown Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Wangchuck.
In July 2006 the Cuban President Fidel Castro
underwent a surgery and temporarily handed over
control of the government to his brother Raul.
In 1999, Indonesia bowed to mounting international pressure and allowed a referundum to ascertain the future of East Timur. The majority vote
in favour of independence led to East Timur finally going independent in 2002.
In 1999, first ever free Parliamentary elections were
held in Indonesia. In October 2004 Susilo B.
Yudhoyuno became the new President after elections.
Thousands of people were killed in the 2004 (December 26) Tsunami and Indonesia is the worst
affected Country in the crisis.
In April 2002, voters overwhelmingly approved a
referundum to extend Pakistan President
Musharaf’s presidency for another five years.
In November 2003 Pakistan and India declared
the first formal ceasefire in Kashmir in 14 years.
In the Parliamentary elections held in Palestine in
January 2006, the extremist group HAMAS
emerged victorious.
For the Parliamentary elections in Israel in 2006
the Party of Ariel Sharon Kadima came out victorious.
In New Zealand, Indian originAnand Sathyanand
sworn in as the new Governor General in 2006.
In January 2006 China launches official website
http://www.gov.cn.at zero hour.
For the first time Kuwaiti women Cast Votes in
Parliamentary elections in 2006 June.
Europe
Bulgaria became a member of NATO in 2004.
In May 2003, David Oddsson of Iceland was reelected making him the longest serving Prime
Minister in Europe (from 1991-2004)
In 2000, Tarja Halonen became the first woman
president of Finland since 1998. In April 2003,
Finland appointed its first female Prime Minister,
making it the only country in Europe with both a
female President and Prime Minister.
In 2004, the French government passed a law banning the wearing of Muslim headscarves and
other religious symbols in schools.
The UN’s Human Development Index has rated
Norway the world’s most livable country.



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world history part 9

Bismark is known as the ‘Iron man of Germany
His policy was known as ‘Blood and Iron Policy’.
Customs Union’ was an organisation which supported German unification indirectly.
Bismark is known as ‘Iron Chancellor’.
Nazism in Germany
was a German form of
Fascism in Italy.
Adolf Hitler (1889-
1945) was the leader
of the Nazi Party in
Germany. He was
known as the Fuehrer
(Leader). Hittler was
born in Austria in
1889.
National Socialist German Workers Party founded
in 1920 was known as Nazi Party.
Nazi Party wanted the exclusion of Jews from
German citizenship.
The supporters of Nazi Party were known as Sturn
Abteilung or ‘Brown Shirts’.
Hitler became the head of Nazi Party in 1923.
Hitler wrote his autobiography ‘‘Mein Kampf’
(My Struggle) while he was in Jail.
Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany on 30
January 1933.
In 1935 under the Nuremberg Law German Jews
were deprived of their citizenship.
Hitler became the President of Germany in 1934
when Hindenburg died.
Secret Police force of Hitler was known as
Gustapo’.
Hitler committed suicide along with his wife Iva
Brown after the failure of Second World War in
1945.
Bismark is known as the father of German integration and Helmet Kohl is known as father of German Unity. It was under Helmet Kohl that two
Germanies united in 1991.
In 2005 Angela Merckel became the first woman
Titles Persons
Fuehrer ……………………………….. Adolf Hitler
II Duke …………………………………… Mussolini
Lady with the Lamp ….. Florence Nightingale
Maid of Orleans ……………………. Joan of Arc
Maiden Queen ……………………….. Elizabeth I
Man of Blood and Iron ……………….. Bismark
Man of Destinig Little Corporal …..Napolean
Chancellor of Germany.
In 2006 June Germany decided to open up a huge
archive of Nazi records on Concentration camp
inmates.
Second World War (1939-45)
The Treaty of Versailles and the rise of the Nazi
Party in Germany were the main causes of the
war.
The Soviet German Non Aggression Pact was
signed on August 23, 1939.
Hitler’s armies invaded Polland on 1 September
1939.
On 3 Septmber 1939 Britain and France declared
war on Germany, thus began the Second World
War.
The Second World War was between The Axis
Powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, USA etc)
The German plan of conquering Britain during
the Second World War was known as ‘Sea –
Lion’.
German attack on Russia during the war was
known as ‘Operation Barbosa
When the Second World War broke out, the US
announced her neutrality.
In 7 December 1941, the Japanese bombers attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbour in
Hawai.
On 8 December 1941 US declared war on Japan.
Thus US formally entered the Second World War

Second World War became a Global war in 1941.
The first Atom Bomb was dropped in Hiroshima
on August 6, 1945 by America. This bomb is
known as ‘Little boy’’.
The second Atom Bomb was dropped in Nagasaki
on August 9, 1945 it is known as ‘fat man’.
The first country to surrender in the war was Italy
and last to surrender was Japan.
On 2 September 1945 Japan surrendered and the
Second World War ended.
The Axis powers lost the Second World War. This
war led to the foundation of UNO in 1945.
The UN Charter was signed at San Francisco on
26th June 1945 by fifty nations and UN came into
force on 24 October 1945.
The Nuremberg Trials were the trials of the major
war criminals of the Second World War. It began
on November 20, 1945.
Big Powers and Cold War
The United States of America, the Soviet Union,
Britain, France and China were regarded as the
big powers since the end of the Second World
War (1945). Among them, the United States and
the Soviet Union were the Super Powers.
There was much co-operation among the Big Powers during the War. But later there aroused mutual suspicion among them and Cold War began.
The Cold War was a war of words or ideologies
and of nerves. This Cold War created great international tension. The Cold War was announced
by Winston Churchill in his famous ‘‘iron curtain’’ speech at Fulton, Missourie in 1946.
The word ‘Cold War’ was first coined by
Bernard Baruch 1946.
The years 1945-47 are generally taken to mark the
beginning of the Cold War.
The first ‘shot’ of Cold War was fired by Winston
Churchill.
The US decision to intervene in the Greek Civil
War may be considered as formally ushering in of
the Cold War.
Revolutions
American war of Independence……………….. 1776
Russian Revolution ……………………………….. 1917
French Revolution ………………………………… 1789
Chinese Revolution ……………………………….. 1911
Communist Revolution in China………………. 1949
Industrial Revolution ………. 1750-1850 (England)
Green Revolution in India ………………………. 1964
The biggest crisis of the early stage of Cold War
was the Berlin Blockade which began in 1948.
The formation of North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO) in April 1949 was one of
the most important aspects of Cold War.
In 1954 the US brought most of the South East
Asian Countries under a common framework modelled on NATO called SEATO.
The Arab states formed CENTO in 1955. (Central
Treaty Oganisation)
The Cold War continued upto the collapse of Soviet Union in 1990.
HOTLINE is a telecommunication link established
since 1963 between the Kremlin (Moscow) and
White House (Washington DC, USA) to avoid
misunderstanding. Now ‘hotline’ means a direct
exclusive line of communication especially for an
emergency.
Warsaw Pact was a military alliance formed under the Soviet Union against NATO in 1955.
Now Russia is in a more or less stable condition
under the Presidentship of Vladimir Putin.
Middle East Conflict
Israel Palestine conflict is popularly called
Middle-East Conflict. The conflict became worse
by the formation of Israel in Palestine in 1948. In
the battle that occured in 1948, Israel came out
victorious.
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) was
formed in 1964 to defeat Israel.
In the 1967 Arab-Israel battle which lasted for six
days, Israel came out victorious

The Israel – Palestine Peace Treaty was signed
in 1994 and PLO supremo sworn in as the head of
PalestineNational Authority.
The historic Israel-PLO agreement was signed in
Washington on September 28, 1995. River Wye
Agreement was signed by Israel and Palestine
for solving the crisis.
Golan Height was a place captured by Israel from
Cyria in 1967
West Bank : This place was captured by Israel
from Jordan. As per the peace treaty of 1994 the
administrative authority of this place was given
to Palestine National Authority.
Gaza Strip is in the Egypt. It was captured by
Israel in the 1967 battle and as per the treaty of
1994 it was handed over to Palestine National
Authority.
Sinai Peninsula : This place was also captured
from Egypt in the 1967 war and handed over to
Palestine in 1982.
The official name of Israel is Medinat Israel.
Hebrew and Arabic are the official languages of
Israel.
The conflict reached a turning point with the election (January 2005) of
Mahmud Abbas as the new
Palestinian leader following
the death of Yassar Arafat.
In 2006 July-August Israel
invaded Labanon and tried to
destroy the so called extremist organisation Hisbulla led
by Sheik Hassan Nasrulla.
The Hamas lead coalition
won the general election in Palestine. But the Israel and EU blocked their financial assistance to
this country. Now it is in great financial crisis.
LATIN AMERICAN NATIONALISM
Countries to the south of USA are collectively
called Latin America.
Mexico, Central America, South America and the
Islands of West Indies are the major parts of Latin
America.
There are altogether 46 countries in Latin
America. 33 independent nations and 13 dependent countries.
Brazil is the largest Latin American country in
area and Population.
Spanish is the most widely spoken language in
Latin America.
Guarani is the language of Indian origin spoken
in Paragua.
Quechua is the Indian language in Peru.
Aymara is the Indian language Spoken in Bolivia.
Christopher Columbus was the first European to
a reach Latin America.
Francisco De Miranda (1750-1816) was one of
the most important leaders of Latin America. He
fought for the liberation of Venezuela and came
out victorious in 1910 and it proclaimed its independence in 1911.
Simon Bolivor (1783-1830) worked for the liberation of Columbia, Venezuela, Equador, Peru and
Bolivia. He is considered as the father of their
nation by all these countries. He is known as the
Liberator’ or ‘the Washington of South’.
San Martin (1778 – 1850) another famous Latin
American leader worked for the liberation of Argentina, Chili and Peru.
Brazil got independence from Spain in 1822.
Fidel Castro came to power in Cuba in 1959.
Due to health reason Cuban
President Fidel Castro
transferred his power temporarily to his brother Raul
Castro in September 2006.
Panama got the Panama Canal from US in 1999.
Panama Canal was opened
in 1914. Panama Canal connects the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Soccer (Football) is the most important game of
Latin American countries.


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world history part 8

Lenin is known as the
arichitect of Soviet Union.
Lenin was born in 1870
April 10. in Simbrisk,
Russia.
He received the name
Lenin in 1901.
He was led to Communism
by his elder brother
Alexander.
Lenin started a newspaper known as Iskara in
1900.
Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevic section of
the party.
He died in 21st January 1924 of cerebral stroke.
Bolsheviks, the majority party and Menshiviks,
the minority party were the two division of the
Russian Social Democractic Labour Party.
USSR came into existence in 1922 December
Czar Nicholas II was the reigning Czar of Russia
when the Revolution occurred.
Russian Parliament is known as Duma.
The new form of workers organisation formed on
the eve of the Revolution was known as ‘Soviet’.
February Revolution was on 12 March 1917.
Provisional Government which formed after the
February Revolution was led by Alexander
Kerensky.
The October Revolution happened on 7 November 1917 (because old Russian Calendar was 14
days backward).
After the October Revolution Trotsky came to
power
Stalin is known as the Iron Man of Communism.
Stalin became the head of Soviet Union in 1924.
He introduced Five Year Plans (1928) for the economic progress of Russia.
In 1991 the Communist rule in Russia came to an
end and the USSR collapsed. Russia and other
Soviet Republics became independent nations.
St. Petersburg is the largest city in Russia second only to Moscow.
The city of St. Petersburg was founded by Peter
the Great in 1703. The city was known as
Petrograd from 1914 to 1924. Later it came to be
known as Leningrad. Gorbachov renamed it St.
Petersburg again.
Grand Cremlin Palace was the Residence of
Czars.
Rasputin was a crooked witch, who had an influence over the Czarina.
The economic and political reforms started by
Gorbachev in 1985 was known as ‘Peristroika
which means restructuring. For freedom of press
and freedom of expression he also introduced
Glasnost’ which means open approach.
The Crimean War (1854-56)
The Crimean War was fought between Russia on
the one side and Turkey, France and England on
the other.
Florence Nightingale established the first nursing school.
Florence Nightingale is known as ‘‘Lady with the
Lamp’’
Chinese Revolution (1911)
The Chinese Revolution tookplace in 1911.
Ching dynasty or the Manchus were the last ruling dynasty of China.
Puyi, a six year old boy was the last Manchu
Emperor.
The Republic of China was formed in 1912 and
Sun Yat-Sen became the first Chairman and first
President of the Chinese Republic.
Sun-Yat-Sen was a leader of the Comintang Party
MilitaryHead Yuan Shikai assumed power replacing Sun-Yat-Sen in 1912 march 10.
In 1949 the Chinese Communist Party defeated
the nationalists and formed the ‘‘Peoples Republic of China’.
The Opium Wars were fought between Britain
and China.

The first Opium War, was fought during 1839-42
and the second was during 1856-60.
Opium Wars were fought to get open the ports of
China to trade opium from British India.
As a result of the first Opium War the Chinese
province of Hongkong came under the control of
Britain in 1844.
Hong Kong became a special administrative region of China on July 1, 1997 when the colony
was handed over by Britain to China.
Macao, which was a colony of the Portugal was
restored to China on 20th December 1999.
Shanghai is the biggest city in China. Beijing is
in the second place.
China was admitted to the UN in 1971. Now she is
a Permanent Member of the UN Security Council.
92% of the Chinese people belonged to the Han
race.
The Tianen Square in Beijing is described as the
Naval of China’. The name means ‘the gate of
heavenly peace’.
The highest Court in China is the Supreme
People’s Court.
China’s leading newspaper is ‘Renin Ribao
(People’s Daily) of Beijing, which is the official
newspaper of Chinese Communist Party.
China is the first Asian country to launch a space
shuttle. Zhenshou V was the Chinese space
shuttle and Yang Liwei was its first space traveller.
China is the world’s most populous country. It
has about a fifths of the world’s population.
China has the oldest living civilisation.
Chinese were the first to make compasses, paper,
pottery, and silk.
Chinese Mandarin is the most widely spoken language of the world and it is the mother tongue of
the largest number of people. Chinese call this
language ‘Putoghua’ (Common language)
China has the world’s largest fishing industry.
The Grand Canal world’s longest artificially created water way extends more than 1600 Kilometers from Hangzhou in the south to Beijing in the
north.
Chinese People’s Liberation Army is the world’s
largest Army in number.
China is the largest producer of paddy, silk and
coal in the world.
China has the largest Communist Party in the
world.
World’s largest dam Three Gorges Dam is built
across the Yangtse river in China.
China opened world’s highest and longest highland railway on 1st July 2006 The Qinghai-Tibet
Railway(1, 1142 Km)
Karakkoram highway is the only overland connection between China and Pakistan.
Communist China’s first international religious
gathering was conducted in April 2006.
In that World Buddhist Forum, Buddhists from
more than 30 countries participated.
2012 Olympics will be held in China.
Wenjiabo became the President of China.
It is for the first time the posts of President and
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China
held by two persons.
The present General Secretary of Communist
Party of China is the former PresidentJiangZemin
Den-Sia-O-Ping brought liberalist policies in
China in 1970.
First World War (1914-1918)
The murder of Arch Duke Ferdinant of Austria
by a Serbian student Gavle Prince on June 28,
1914 was the immediate cause of the outbreak of
the First World War (1914-1918). The war was
started by the declaration of war against Serbia
by Austria – Hungry. The main combatants in the
war were the Central Powers (Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) and the Allied
Powers (England, France, Belgium, Serbia and
Russia). The Central Powers lost the war. The war

ended with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.(Versailles is a city near Paris)Submarine warboat (U-boat) used by Germany inthe war was a great menace.Wudrow Wilson was the President of Americaduring the First World War.Lloyd George was the British Prime Minister andClemenceace was the French Prime Minister during the War.The Treaty of Versailles was signed between theAllies and Germany on 28th June 1919.The Treaty of St. Germain was signed by theAllies with Austria- Hungary in 1919.An armistice (Peace Agreement) was signed onNovember 11, 1918 to end the war. It was followedby a peace conference at Paris and the Treaty ofVersailles in 1920.The Treaty of Versaile’s resulted in the foundation of League of Nations in 1919.League of Nations was formed on the basis of theFourteen Points’ put forward by Wudrow Wilson in 1918.League of Nations was the predescessor of theUNO.League of Nations was disbanded in 1945 andeven before that it lost its importance in 1939when the Second World War broke out.The First World War was fought as ‘a war to endall wars’.One of the most important results of the FirstWorld War was the Great Depression whichstarted in USA in 1929.Only one European country which was not affected by great depression was Russia.Three major powers during the interwar periodwere USA, USSR and Japan.Ku Klux Klan was a white terrorist gang workingin America during the period of Great Depression.Franklin D. Roosevelt became American presidentduring the great depression in 1932.Unification of Italy, and FascismAfter the decline of the Roman Empire Italy was
divided into a number of small independent states.
Joseph Massini is known as the ‘‘Prophet of Italian Nationalism’’
Massini founded ‘Young Italy’ in 1821.
Garibaldi was another famous leader of Italian
Nationalism. He founded an organisation known
as ‘Red Shirts’.
The unification of Germany was completed in
1870.
Political organisations which originated in Europe
after the First World War were collectively known
as Fascist Movements.
The word ‘Fascism’ was originated from the Italian word ‘fasces’ which means ‘‘a bundle of rods
and an axe’’.
Benitto Mussolini, the world’s first fascist dictator who came to power in Italy in 1922, is known
as the father of Fascism.
Mussolini organised his followers into the ‘Black
shirts
In October 1922 he organised a ‘March to Rome
and took over as Prime Minister.
Mussolini was against Socialism and Communism
and formed an organisation known ‘‘Fasci di
Combattiment’’.
When Italy surrendered after the Second World War
in 1945 Mussolini was captured and executed at Como.
Italy was the first Axis Power to surrender in the
First World War.
After 2000 Medea Tycoon Silvio Berlysconi won
the election and became the PM. In 2006 he was
defeated by the former President of EU
Romano Prodi.
Italy won the World Cup Football title held in
Germany by defeating France.
Unification Germany, and Nazism
Germany was known as Prussia in olden times.
The process of German Unification began when
King William I appointed Otto Von Bismark as his
Prime Minister in 1862.



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