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2. Environmental Science: Natural Resources part 1

INTRODUCTION


A natural resource may be defined as any material given to us by nature which can be

transformed in a way that it becomes more valuable and useful.

For an example wood is used for making furniture. Yarn obtained from cotton is used

for weaving cloth. Likewise, various machine, tools and household goods are made of metals.

Now furniture, clothes, machine, tools are more valuable than their raw form i.e. raw form

i.e. wood, cotton and metal, respectively. The wood, metal resources. It is impossible to

obtain valuable items from any resources. Thus, water, minerals, forests, wildlife as well as

human beings are resources. Any material may be called, as a resource provided and

appropriate technology is available to transform that into more valuable goods.


Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

On the basis of continuity, the resources are classified as under:


(1) Renewable Resources


(2) Non-renewable Resources.


1. Renewable Resources

Resources, which can be renewed along with their exploitation, are always available for

use. Hence they are called renewable resources. For instance, forests are renewable. If trees

are felled for wood, original forest covers may be maintained through planning new trees

i.e. a forestation. Likewise, solar energy and wind energy are examples of renewable resources.


2. Non-renewable Resources

The formation of some resources like iron ore, coal, mineral oil etc. has taken several

thousand years. Once they are used in unlimited way, they cannot be easily replaced. Thus,

their exploitation at large scale will result in their fast depletion. Some such resources are

called non-renewable resources or exhaustible.


ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE :
 NATURAL RESOURCES 

3. Cyclic Resources

For resources there is no final use as they can be used continuously. For example, water
used in industry and domestic ways can be cleaned and used again for similar or other
purpose. Such resources are given the name of Cyclic Resources.

FOREST RESOURCES

1. Importance of Forest Resources

The importance of forest resources can be explained as under:

1. Ecological Balance:

Forests and wildlife are essential to maintain ecological
balance of an area.

2. Renewable Natural Resources:

Forests are an important renewable natural
resources.

3. Eco-system: 

Trees dominate forest ecosystem; their species content varities in
different parts of the world.

4. Economic Development: 

Forest contributes to the economic development of the
country because they provide goods and services to the people and industry.

5. Environment Quality:

The forest enchance the quality of environment by
influencing the life supporting system.

6. Safeguard against Pollution:
Forest check air pollution and soil erosion. Thus,
they exercise safety and against pollution.

7. Soil Conservation:

Forest save the hill-slopes from landslides.

8. Wind Erosion:

In deserts, trees reduce wind erosion by checking wind velocity.

9. Check the Extension Balance:

The forest checks strong gales and keeps the soil
intact beneath the roots of trees and thus checks extension of desert.

10. Maintains Ecological Balance:

The forest check pollution of air through increasing
oxygen content of the air.

11. Attract Rainfall: 

By causing condensation of water vapour in clouds, forests attract
rains.

12. Control Floods: 

The floods are controlled because forests dry up rainwater like
sponge.

13. Linked with Cultural and Civilization: 

Forests are linked with our cultural
and civilization.

14. Supply of Raw Material:

Forest supply wood, which is used as under:

(i) Fuel,(ii) Raw material for various industries as pulp, paper, newsprint, board;

(iii) Timber for furniture items;

(iv) To be used in packing articles like fruits, tea etc.

(v) For preparing matches, sport goods etc.



ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : NATURAL RESOURCES 


15. Minor forest products: 
Some examples of minor forest products, are canes, gums,
resins, dyes, flocks, medicines, tannins, lac, fibres, katha etc.
1. For tribal people are provided with food like tuber, roots, leaves, fruits, meat
from birds and other animals etc.

16. Employment opportunities:

About eight crore people are employed in wood based
industries like paper and match and small and cottage industries. Besides, those
who are employed in the forest department in various states.

17. Revenue Receipts:

The forest provide Rs. 400 crores per year as revenue to the
government.

18. Fodder for Cattle

 Forest provide fodder to cattle.

19. Foreign Exchange Earners: 

Forest produce a great number of articles like
essential oils, resins and dyes. Which find market in foreign countries. Nearly Rs.
50 crores are earned in foreign exchange through selling lac, turpentine  oil and
sandal wood oil to abroad.
Thus, the forests are nation’s wealth. They are useful to us directly and indirectly.

Areas Covered with Forests in India

Forests are a estimated form time to time. Some data collected in the basis of researches

made, are as under:

Brewbaker (1984)

According to Brewbaker, to 2890, total forest are of the world in 1990 was nearly 700 Mha.
By 1975 it was reduced to 2890 Mha. It was also pointed out that it would be merely 2370 Mha
by 200 A.D. Major reduction will be in tropics and subtropics (40.2), shown in Figs. 2.2 and 2.3.

Forest A rea in th e year 1972-73

010000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

60000000

70000000

80000000

90000000

Andhra Pradesh

Haryana

Kerala

Dadar & Nagar

Orissa

Uttar Pradesh

Delhi

1972-73 sq km


ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE100000Forest Area in the Year 1980-8800006000040000200000Andhra PradeshHaryanaKeralaDadar & N agarOrissaUttar PradeshDelhi1980-82 sq km

C.F.C. (1980)According to Central Forestry Commission (CEF) (1980) in India the forest cover wasaround 74.8 Mha. It was 22.7% of the total land mass. A detailed study of forests carriedout by CEF reveals the position of forests in India as under:(a) The tropical dry deciduous (38.7%).(b) The tropical moist deciduous (30.9%) type.(c) The tropical thorn 6.9%(d) The tropical dry evergreen 0.1%(e) The pure coniferous (high mountainous area) 6.3%(f) The sal forest 16%(g) The teak forest 13%(h) The broad-leaved excluding Sal and Teak 55.8%(i) The Bamboos including in plantations 8.8%Ownership(a) The total forest are nearly 96% (71.63 Mha) forest area is Government owned.(b) 2.6% (1.95 Mha) forest area is owned by corporate bodies.(c) 1.2 Mha forest area is in private owneship.Total area under forests in different states during 1972-75 and 1980-82 is as under:ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : NATURAL RESOURCES 15Total Forest Area (Sq. Km)State/U.T. 1972-75 1980-82Andhra Pradesh 49049 40435Assam 21055 19796Bihar 22687 20139Gujrat 9459 5057Haryana 757 401Himachal Pradesh 15075 9130J & K 22335 14361Karnataka 29480 25656Kerala 8611 7376M.P. 108568 90215Maharashtra 40682 30350Manipur 15090 13575Dadar & Nagar Haveli 177 70Meghalaya 14390 12458Nagaland 8154 8095Tripura 6330 5138Orissa 48383 39425Punjab & Chandigarh 1120 499Rajasthan 11294 5972Tamil Nadu 16676 13187U.P. 25869 21022West Bengal 83476483Sikkim 1761 2883Arunachal Pradesh 51438 58104Delhi 18 10Goa, Daman & Diu 1221 1139Mizoram 13860 11970Total 551886 457046


state Percentage of Forests Area

The following is the list of percentage of total area in a state occupied by forests



ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE0.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10Arunach alPradeshBihar HimachalPradeshHaryana Jammu &  KashmirPu njab
 Rajasthan 
Tripura 
Uttar Pradesh
State percentages of forest area
1. Arunachal Pradesh 79%2. Bihar 17%3. Himachal Pradesh 48%4. Harayana 2%5. Punjab 2%6. Jammu & Kashmir 61%7. Rajasthan 4%8. Tripura 50%9. Uttar Pradesh 13%

Distribution of ForestsThe forest region in India are divided into eight distinct forest regions. These are as
under:
(i) The Western Himalayan region
The region extends from Kashmir Kumaon. Here are the forest of pine, confers and
broad-leaved temperate trees. Higher up, forests of blue pine spruce and silver fir occur.
(ii) The Eastern Himalayan region
This region comprises Darjeeling, Kureseong and the adjacent tract. The temperate
zone has forests of oaks, laurels, rhodendrons, maples, alder and brich.

(iii) The Assam region
This region comprises the Brahamputra and the Surma valleys and the interveing hill
ranges. The region has evergreen forests, occasional thick clumps of bamboos and tall grasses.
(iv) The Ganga plain region
This region covers the area from the Aravali rangers to Bengal and Orissa. Widely
different types are found only in small areas in the forests.
(v) The Deccan region
This region has various kinds from scrub jungles to mixed decidous forests.
(vi) The Malabar region
This region is rich in forest vegetation. Besides, it produces important commerical
crops, such as cocount pepper, coffee, tea. Besides, rubber, cashewnut and eucalyptus trees.
(vii) The Andaman region
This region is rich in evergreen, semi-evergreen, mangrove, beach and diluvial forests.
To conclude, there are nearly 45,000 species of plants including shrubs in the country. The
vascular flora, which forms the conspicuous vegetation cover itself comprises 15,000 species.


OVER CONSUMPTION ON FORESTS REASONS

Population is increasing tremendously in our country. It has already crossed thousands
of millions. Meeting its ever-increasing demand has resulted in over consumption of forests.


1. Fuel wood, Timber and Pulpwood\


The data show that (FAO, 1981) consumption of wood in developing countries is exactly
the reverse of the developed ones. In the former, wood is used 82% for firewood and 18%
respectively, In India, firewood demand is mostly in rural areas because the alternative
source of energy, are yet to reach there. The National Commission on Agriculture (NCA) had
indicated a substantial rise in demand for wood by 200 A.D. for firewood and industry as
is evident from the table given below:

Table 2.1
Requirement of Wood (Mt.)
Category  
 Requirement in 1980  m3 of total
 Requirement in 2000  m3 of total 
 Additional requirement        m3 % increase
Fuelwood

188.600

 87.5 
225.000 
78
 36.4
 19
Timber 

22.720
 10.5 
46.755
 16
 24.0
 106
Pulpwood

4.175
 2.0
 17.695 
6 
13.5
 323


215.495 
100
 289.450 
100
 73.9
 342. Wood for Packing PurposesWood is needed, on a large scale, for our fruit industry, tea etc. It is estimated that for
wooden crates nearly 0.5 Mm3 of wood is need (U.P. 01, J & K, 0.25 M, H.P. 0.15 Mm3).

3. Paper Board and Newsprint

With the rapidly increasing population growth our per capita consumption of paper is
increasing from 2 kg to 4.5 kg per year. Bamboos and hardwood are the chief sources (70%)
of raw materials for paper and board. Growing demand for 2.45 Mt will enhance dependence
on bamboo and hardwood.
It is evident from the data that the pulpwood had gone to nearly 6 percent of the wood
requirement by 2000. More than half of the pulpwood comes from bamboo as is shown in
following table.

Category               Requirement in 1980    Requirement in 2000       Additional requirement

                                    Mt% of total               Mt % of total                     Mt% of % increase


Pulp and paper         2.165  > 51                      3.546  > 51                             1.381  > 64


Non-industry           2.109  > 49                        3.459  > 49                            1.350  >  64


Strial requirement    4.274 > 100                      7.005  > 100                           2.731 > 64There is a substantial in newspaper industry. As per data per capita requirement have
gone upto 1. 1 kg by 2000, thus, the newsprint capacity was raised to 1.289 Mt. Following
are the estimated requirements for raw materials for newsprint.



Year Capacity Requirement (Mt)1981 0.4671986 0.5961991 0.7701996 1.0002000 1.289It is evident that shortfall of newsprit would grow rapidly as well as continuously bythe passage of time.

DEFORESTATION : MEANING AND RESULTS

Meaning of Deforestation

Deforestation is the process of felling trees indiscriminately resulting in nude or seminude surface of the hill hitherto covered by thick forests.


Causes of Deforestation

Main causes responsible for deforestation are as under:

(a) Felling of trees to meet the ever increasing demand of the cities.

(b) Grazing by the local cattle, goats, sheep etc. They not only destroy the vegetation

but also pull out the roots of plants. After denudation of our Himalayas, the process

of deforestation started in the Shivalik range. Shivalik sal forests were over-exploited

for industry use, i.e. railway sleepers etc. Consequently, the foothills of the Shivaliks

are in semi desert conditions.

(c) Meeting out the growing hunger for land. It has hit the ecology of the country badly

very soon India is likely to have more of wasteland than productive land. Large-



scale deforestation has badly affected the weather facing almost each year more of
bleak than the normal weather.
(d) The increase in shifting (jhum) cultivation in North east and Orissa has also laid
large in forest tracts bare. As the jhum cycle is shortened to six years only (in some
districts, even 2-3 years only), too short period does not provide enough time for
natural repair of damaged ecosystem.
(e) A major cause of deforestation has been the construction of hill roads. About a
decade back, they were about 30, 000 km long. Most of these roads are in state and
most fragile belt of Himalayas. Road construction damaged the protective vegetation
cover both above and below roads. It blocked natural and pollution streams.
Formidable Picture of Deforestation
Deforestation has been causing tremendous land erosion and land slides. India is losing
about 6,000 million ton of top soil annually due to water erosion in the absence of trees. The
loss worked out from the top soil erosion in 1973 was Rs. 700 crore, in 1976, 1977 and 1978
it was Rs. 889 crore. Rs. 1,200 crore and Rs. 1,091 crore respectively. The figures in recent
years have risen formidably too high. Increasing number of livestock and migrating glaziers
have led to degradation of forests and the consequent devastation. Data show that about two
decades back these were nearly 1200 thousand sheep and goats in alpine areas of U.P. In
addition, there also visited about 25,000 migratory graziers. There were also about 5-7,000
buffaloes owned by Gujars. Consequently, the forestry stock decreased from 13.79 m3/head
in 1981 to 2.66 m3/head in 2001.
The following table shows that there has been a grave reeducation in forest land:
Land use Area (Mha) Change in forest cover (%)
of total geographical are
of the country
1972-75 1980-82
(a) Forests land Closed 46.10 35.43 (–) 3.25
forests Open/degrated
forests Mangroves 8.80 10.00 (–) 3.25
Mangroves 0.30 0.27 (–) 0.02
55.20 (16.83%) 45.70 (39.94%) (–) 2.89
(b) New-forest land
Agricultural land, 255.70 267.40 (+) 3.58
grassland, shrub land,
non-forest planation,
barren land
(c) Others 17.12 14.86 (–) 0.69
Areas under snow, fog,
cloud, shadow etc.
(d) Total 328.00 328.00*
*Excluding Andaman & Nicobar Island (based on NRSA, 1984).


Evil Consequences of Deforestation
With deforestation ecological balance maintain by nature breaks away. Floods or drought
are the terrible consequences. The trees, increase rainfall of an area, as well as conserve the
water which falls on the ground rain. Consequent to deforestation, the plant reduces
evaporation allowing water to remain in solid for a long time.
In our country unabated deforestation over grazing and the growing hunger for land
has hit the ecology of India badly. If it goes on, we may soon have more of wasteland than
productive land. Large-scale deforestation has badly affected the weather. Evil consequences
of deforestation can be summed up as under:
1. Adverse Effect on Productivity
It is noticed that the devasting effects of deforestation in India include soil, water and
wind erosions, estimated to cost over 16,400 crores every year. Deforestation affects
productivity of our croplands in two ways as under:
(i) The deforestation increase the soil erosion increase manifold. The soil so washed
leads to an accentuated cycle of floods and drought.
(ii) Deforestation creates to use cowdung and crop wastes as fuel mainly for cooking.
As a result no part of the plant goes back to loss in soil fertility.
2. Land/Erosion and Landslides
Deforestation has been causing tremendous land erosion and landslides. Data reflect
that about 6,000 million ton of topsoil is lost annually due to water erosion in the absence
of trees. The loss worked out from the topsoil erosion in 1973 was Rs. 700 crore. The figures
for the years 1976, 1977 and 1978 are Rs. 889 crore, Rs. 1,200 crore and Rs. 1,091 crore
respectively.
3. Low Per Capita Forestland
As far as per capita forestland is concerned, India today is the poorest in the world. The
per capita forestland in India is 0.10 hectare compared to the world average of 1 hectare.
TIMBER EXTRACTION: MINING, DAMS AND THEIR EFFECTS IN FORESTS AND
TRIBAL PEOPLE
Timber Extraction
It is estimated that India is losing 15 million hectares of forests cover year. If this trend
continuous unchecked, it could take only a period 9 of 20 years hence to reach to zeroforest
value in our country. During a period of 25 years (1951-1976) India has lost 4.1 million
hectares of forests area. Trees have been felled in large number of fuel, fodder, valley
projects, Industrial uses, road construction etc. India consumes nearly, 170 million tonnes
of firewood annually, and 10-15 million hectares of forests cover is being stripped every year
to meet fuel requirements. The rise in fuelwood consumption can be noticed from the
comparative study of the fuel consumption in earlier years. It was 86.3 million ton in 1953.
It reached about 135 million ton in 1980. During a period of 20 years (1951 to 1971) forests
have been cut for various purposes as under:


(1) For Agriculture (24-32 lack hectares)
(2) River valley projects (4.01 lakh hectares)
(3) Industrial uses (1.24 lakh hectares)
(4) Road construction (0.55 lakh hectares)
(5) Miscellaneous uses (3.88 lakh hectares)
In this way, a total of 3.4 million hectares of forests were lost during this period. The
disastrous of the heavy deforestation are visible. Nearly 1 percent of the land surface of
India is turning barren every year due to deforestation. In the Himalayan range, the rainfall
has declined from 3 to 4 percent.
Mining
It is often remarked that in our country most mining work has been unscientific.
Consequently no heed is paid to environment protection. The consequences have been
disastrous. For example:
(1) They have developed large tracts that lost productivity.
(2) There have been water and air pollution, despoliation of land and deforestation,
noise and ground vibration problems etc.
As such, to ameliorate the situation, the mined areas to be reclaimed for agriculture,
forestry, fisheries and recreation. During last 20-30 years, a number of mining operation
have been started in the country. These operations affected forest and cultivated land areas.
Such operations have been taken mainly in U.P., Bihar, M.P., Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
The result are as under:
(1) The use of land scale for townships, communication, excavation and transport
affected the socioeconomic and ecology of these areas.
(2) Ecological problems developed in coal mine areas in Ranchi, Hazaribagh (Bihar),
Bina Project (U.P.) and Singular complex at Gorbi (U.P.) and Jayant (M.P.).
Some illustrations are as under:
(1) Ranchi
In Ranchi several hundred sq. km. of land has been converted to bad lands.
(2) Singrauli
In Singrauli complex forests and hillocks have been erased due to construction of high
power transmission lines, roads and rail tracks. Establishment of other factories as cement
and super thermal power stations around coal mines have resulted into environment
degradation.
Reclamation of Mined Areas
There are two successful cases of reclamation of mined areas in India. These are as
under:
(1) Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd. in Tamil Nadu.
(2) Stone Quarries of Sayaji Iron Works in Gujarat.



It is felt, there is need to have legal protection and to revise the Mines and Minerals
(Regulations and Development) Act, 1957 (MMRD Act) to bring in it the environment concerns.
Dams
We can classify the environment side effects of river valley and hydel projects into three
categories as under:
(i) Impacts within and around the area covered by the dam and reservoir.
(ii) Downstream effects caused by alternation in hydraulic regime, and
(iii) Regional effects in terms of overall aspects including resources use and socioeconomic aspects.
The impacts caused by construction of dams and reservoir in including the following
effects and consequences:
(1) The various change in the microclimate.
(2) The loss of vegetal cover.
(3) Soil erosion.
(4) Variation in water table.
(5) Enhanced seismic activities due to pressure of water.
It should be kept in mind that the nature and magnitude of the impacts vary with the
project locations and the conditions therein. It can be elucidate with the help of illustration:
(1) In hilly tracts, blasting operations for road construction can cause considerable
damage to the environment through the following activities:
(a) Loosening of hill sides and resultant landslides,
(b) Sedimentation of reservoirs
(c) Drying up of spring and flash floods.
(2) The creation of new settlements for the workmen and rehabilitation of project
outsees in the watershed areas may result in the aggravation of the seriousness of
advance impacts. In our country a number of big, medium and minor dams are
undertaken mainly for three purposes-irrigation, power generation and water supply.
The country’s first Prime Minister, Jawharlal Nehru, hailed these dams as the
Temples of Modern India. They have increased agricultural production, power
generation and reduced dependence in imports.
However, on the contrary to the advantages enumerated above, some experts opine that
the social, environmental and even economic cost of these dams, far outweighs their benefits.
They hold that the most important social consequences of big dams has been the displacement
of million of tribals from their homeland and their eventual influx into urban areas, almost
as refugees. This is the reason why the scientists, environmentalists, journalists, social
activists, lawyers and bureaucrats have now raised their voice against big dams.



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1. Environmental Science: Definition, Scope and Importance part 1

INTRODUCTION

The science of Environment studies is a multi-disciplinary science because it comprises
various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture,

public health, sanitary engineering etc. It is the science of physical phenomena in

the environment. It studies of the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical

a biological species in the air, water and soil and the effect of from human activity upon

these.


Environment Explained


Literary environment means the surrounding external conditions influencing

development or growth of people, animal or plants; living or working conditions etc. This

involves three questions:

1. What is Surrounded

The answer to this question is living objects in general and man in particular.


2. By what Surrounded


The physical attributes are the answer to this question, which become environment. In

fact, the concern of all education is the environment of man. However, man cannot exist or

be understood in isolation from the other forms of life and from plant life. Hence, environment

refers to the sum total of condition, which surround point in space and time. The scope of

the term Environment has been changing and widening by the passage of time. In the

primitive age, the environment consisted of only physical aspects of the planted earth’ land,

air and water as biological communities. As the time passed on man extended his environment

through his social, economic and political functions.


3. Where Surrounded

The answer to this question. It is in nature that physical component of the plant earth,

viz land, air, water etc., support and affect life in the biosphere. According to a Goudie


1

Environmental Science :

 Definition,


 Scope and Importance

2  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

environment is the representative of physical components of the earth where in man is an

important factor affecting the environment.

(i) Definitions of Environment : Some important definitions of environment are as

under:


1. Boring:


‘A person’s environment consists of the sum total of the stimulation

which he receives from his conception until his death.’

It can be concluded from the above definition that Environment comprises

various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, economic, political,

cultural, social, moral and emotional. Environment is the sum total of all the

external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life,

nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturation of living

organisms.


2. Douglas and Holland:

‘The term environment is used to describe, in the

aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the

life, nature, behaviour and the growth, development and maturity of living

organisms.’

(ii) Scope of Environment:  

The environment consists of four segments as under:


1. Atmosphere: 

The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases,

surrounding the earth:

(a) It sustains life on the earth.

(b) It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space.

(c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the

electromagnetic radiation from the sun.

(d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (300 to 2500

nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultraviolate waves below about 300 nm.

The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Besides, argon, carbon dioxide,

and trace gases.


2. Hydrosphere: 

The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans,

seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reserviour, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground

water.

(i) Nature 97% of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans,

(ii) About 2% of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers.

(iii)Only about 1% is available as fresh surface water-rivers, lakes streams, and

ground water fit to be used for human consumption and other uses.


3. Lithosphere:

Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists

of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic

matter, air and water.


4. Biosphere:

Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their

interactions with environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.


ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE :

 DEFINITION, 

SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE 

3 Element of Environment


Environment is constituted by the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural

elements inter-related in various ways, individually as well as collectively. These elements

may be explained as under:


(1) Physical elements

Physical elements are as space, landforms, water bodies, climate soils, rocks and minerals.

They determine the variable character of the human habitat, its opportunities as well as

limitations.


(2) Biological elements

Biological elements such as plants, animals, microorganisms and men constitute the

biosphere.


(3) Cultural elements

Cultural elements such as economic, social and political elements are essentially manmade features, which make cultural milieu.


ENVIRONMENT STUDIES: IMPORTANCE

Importance of Environment Studies: The environment studies enlighten us, about the

importance of protection and conservation of our indiscriminate release of pollution into the

environment.

At present a great number of environment issues, have grown in size and complexity

day by day, threatening the survival of mankind on earth. We study about these issues

besides and effective suggestions in the Environment Studies. Environment studies have

become significant for the following reasons:


1. Environment Issues Being of International Importance

It has been well recognised that environment issues like global warming and ozone

depletion, acid rain, marine pollution and biodiversity are not merely national issues but are

global issues and hence must be tackled with international efforts and cooperation.


2. Problems Cropped in The Wake of Development

Development, in its wake gave birth to Urbanization, Industrial Growth, Transportation

Systems, Agriculture and Housing etc. However, it has become phased out in the developed

world. The North, to cleanse their own environment has, fact fully, managed to move ‘dirty’

factories of South. When the West developed, it did so perhaps in ignorance of the

environmental impact of its activities. Evidently such a path is neither practicable nor

desirable, even if developing world follows that.


3. Explosively Increase in Pollution

World census reflects that one in every seven persons in this planted lives in India.

Evidently with 16 per cent of the world’s population and only 2.4 per cent of its land area,

there is a heavy pressure on the natural resources including land. Agricultural experts have

recognized soils health problems like deficiency of micronutrients and organic matter, soil

salinity and damage of soil structure.


4 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE


4. Need for An Alternative Solution


It is essential, specially for developing countries to find alternative paths to an alternativegoal. 
We need a goal as under:(1) A goal, which ultimately is the true goal of development an environmentally soundand sustainable development.(2) A goal common to all citizens of our earth.
(3) A goal distant from the developing world in the manner it is from the over-consumingwasteful societies of the “developed” world.


5. Need To Save Humanity From Extinction

It is incumbent upon us to save the humanity from exinction. Consequent to our activitiesconstricting the environment and depleting the biosphere, in the name of development.


6. Need For Wise Planning of Development

Our survival and sustenance depend. Resources withdraw, processing and use of theproduct have all to by synchronised with the ecological cycles in any plan of development ouractions should be planned ecologically for the sustenance of the environment and development.


7. Misra’s Report

Misra(1991) recognized four basic principles of ecology, as under:

(i) Holism
(ii) Ecosystem
(iii) Succession
(iv) Conversation.
Holism has been considered as the real base of ecology. In hierarchical levels at whichinteracting units of ecology are discussed, are as under:
Individual
<population
<community
<ecosystem
<biome
<biosphere
.Misra (1991) has recognised four basic requirements of environmental management asunder:
(i) Impact of human activities on the environment,
(ii) Value system,
(iii) Plan and design for sustainable development,
(iv) Environment education
.Keeping in view the of goal of planning for environmentally sustainable developmentIndia contributed to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED), also referred to as “Earth Summit” held at Rio de Janciro, the Capital of Brazil,3rd-14th June, 1992

.NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

It is essential to make the public aware of the formidable consequences of theEnvironmental Degradation, if not retorted and reformative measures undertaken, would

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE 

5 result in the extinction of life. We are facing various environmental challenges. It is essentialto get the country acquainted with these challenges so that their acts may be eco-friendly.Some of these challenges are as under:

1. Growing Population

A population of over thousands of millions is growing at 2.11 per cent every year. Over17 million people are added each year. It puts considerable pressure on its natural resourcesand reduces the gains of development. Hence, the greatest challenge before us is to limit thepopulation growth. Although population control does automatically lead to development, yetthe development leads to a decrease in population growth rates. For this development of thewomen is essential

.2. Poverty

India has often been described a rich land with poor people. The poverty andenvironmental degradation have a nexus between them. The vast majority of our people aredirectly dependent on the nature resources of the country for their basic needs of food, fuelshelter and fodder. About 40% of our people are still below the poverty line. Environmentdegradation has adversely affected the poor who depend upon the resources of their immediatesurroundings. Thus, the challenge of poverty and the challenge environment degradationare two facets of the same challenge. The population growth is essentially a function ofpoverty. Because, to the very poor, every child is an earner and helper and global concernshave little relevance for him

4. Need to Ground water


It is essential of rationalizing the use of groundwater. Factors like community wastes,

industrial effluents and chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted our surface water

and affected quality of the groundwater. It is essential to restore the water quality of our

rivers and other water bodies as lakes is an important challenge. It so finding our suitable

strategies for consecration of water, provision of safe drinking water and keeping water

bodies clean which are difficult challenges is essential.




5. Development And Forests
Forests serve catchments for the rivers. With increasing demand of water, plan to

harness the mighty river through large irrigation projects were made. Certainly, these

would submerge forests; displace local people, damage flora and fauna. As such, the dams

on the river Narmada, Bhagirathi and elsewhere have become areas of political and scientific

debate.

Forests in india have been shrinking for several centuries owing to pressures of

agriculture and other uses. Vast areas that were once green, stand today as wastelands.

These areas are to be brought back under vegetative cover. The tribal communities inhabiting

forests respects the trees and birds and animal that gives them sustenance. We must recognise


6 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
the role of these people in restoring and conserving forests. The modern knowledge and

skills of the forest deptt. should be integrated with the traditional knowledge and experience

of the local communities. The strategies for the joint management of forests should be

evolved in a well planned way.


6. Degradation of Land
At present out of the total 329 mha of land, only 266 mha possess any potential for

production. Of this, 143 mha is agricultural land nearly and 85 suffers from varying degrees

of soil degradation. Of the remaining 123 mha, 40 are completely unproductive. The remaining

83 mha is classified as forest land, of which over half is denuded to various degrees. Nearly

406 million head of livestock have to be supported on 13 mha, or less than 4 per cent of the

land classified as pasture land, most of which is overgrazed. Thus, our of 226 mha, about

175 mha or 66 per cent is degraded to varying degrees. Water and wind erosion causes

further degradation of almost 150 mha This degradation is to be avoided.


7. Reorientation of Institutions
The people should be roused to orient institutions, attitudes and infrastructures, to suit

conditions and needs today. The change has to be brought in keeping in view India’s traditions

for resources use managements and education etc. Change should be brought in education,

in attitudes, in administrative procedures and in institutions. Because it affects way people

view technology resources and development.

8. Reduction of Genetic Diversity
Proper measures to conserve genetic diversity need to be taken. At present most wild

genetic stocks have been disappearing from nature. Wilding including the Asiatic Lion are

facing problem of loss of genetic diversity. The protected areas network like sanctuaries,

national parks, biosphere reserves are isolating populations. So, they are decreasing changes

of one group breeding with another. Remedial steps are to be taken to check decreasing

genetic diversity.

9. Evil Consequences of Urbanisation

Nearly 27 per cent Indians live in urban areas. Urbanisation and industrialisation has

given birth to a great number of environmental problem that need urgent attention. Over

30 percent of urban Indians live in slums. Out of India’s 3,245 towns and cities, only 21 have

partial or full sewerage and treatment facilities. Hence, coping with rapid urbanization is

a major challenge.

10. Air and water Population
Majority of our industrial plants are using outdated and population technologies and

makeshift facilities devoid of any provision of treating their wastes. A great number of cities

and industrial areas that have been identified as the worst in terms of air and water

pollution. Acts are enforced in the country, but their implement is not so easy. The reason

is their implementation needs great resources, technical expertise, political and social will.

Again the people are to be made aware of these rules. Their support is indispensable to

implement these rules.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE 7VARIOUS TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT

According to Kurt Lewin, environment is of three types which influence the personality

of an individual as under:

(a) Physical Environment,

(b) Social and Cultural Environment, and
(c) Psychological Environment.
These may be explained as under:


1. Physical Environment

Physical environment, refers to geographical climate and weather or physical conditions

wherein and individual lives. The human races are greatly influenced by the climate. Some

examples are as under:

(a) In the cold countries i.e. European countries the people are of white colour. Likewise,

in Asian and African countries, that is, in hot countries people are of dark complexion.

(b) The physique of an individual depends on climate conditions as the individual tries

to adjust in his physical environment.

(d) The human working efficiency also depends on the climatic conditions.


2. Social Environment

Social Environment includes an individual’s social, economic and political condition

wherein he lives. The moral, cultural and emotional forces influence the life and nature of

individual behaviour. Society may be classified into two categories as under:

(i) An open society is very conductive for the individual developement.

(ii) A closed society is not very conductive for the developenment.


3. Psychological Environment

Although physical and social environment are common to the individual in a specific

situation. Yet every individual has his own psychological environment, in which he lives.

Kurt Lewin has used the term ‘life space’ for explaining psychological environment. The

Psychological environment enables us to understand the personality of an individual. Boththe person and his goal form psychological environment.

If a person is unable to overcome the barriers, he can either get frustrated or completed

to change his goal for a new psychological environment. But adopting this mechanism, the

individual is helped in his adjustment to the environment.


STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT

Environment is both physical and biological. It includes both living and non-living

components.


(i) Physical Environment

The Physical Environment is classified into three broad categories viz.

8 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE


(i) Solid,

(ii) Liquid

(iii) Gas.

These represent the following spheres:

(i) The lithosphere (solid earth)

(ii) The hydrosphere (water component) and
(iii) The atmosphere

As such, the three basic of physical environment may be termed as under:

(i) Lithospheric Environment

(ii) Hydrospheric Environment

(iii) Atmospheric Environment

The scientists have classified them into smaller units based on different spatial scales,

e.g.

(i) Plants (flora)

(ii) Animals (fauna).

Thus, the biotic environment further be divided into floral environment and faunal

environment. All the organisms work to form their social groups and organizations at several

levels. Thus, the social environment is formed. In this social environment the organisms

work to derive matter from the physical environment for their sustenance and development.

This process gives birth to economic environment. Man claims to be most skilled and civilized

of all the organisms. This is the reason why his social organisation is most systematic. The

three aspects of man, e.g. physical, social and economic, function in the biotic environment

as under:


(i) The Physical Man

The ‘Physical Man’ is one of the organisms populations or biological community. He is

in need of basic elements of the physical environment like habitat (space), air, water and

food. Besides, like other biological populations, he releases wastes into the ecosystem.


(ii) The Social Man

The ‘Social Man’ performs the following functions:

(a) Establishing social institutions,

(b) Forming social organisations,

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE : DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE 9

(c) Formulating laws, principles and policies,

(d) Taking steps to safeguard his existence, interest and social welfare.

(iii) The Economic Man

The economic man derives and utilises resources from the physical and biotic environment

with his skills and technologies. The economic function makes the man an environment

geomorphic process as he transports matter and energy from one component of the ecosystem

to the other. There may be any following two situations:

(a) His exploitative functions may be in harmony with the natural environment. Such,
functions do not necessarily involve change in the working of the ecosystem.

(b) These functions may exceed the critical limit. Consequently, the equilibrium of the

environment/ecosystem is disturbed and a great number of environment and

ecological problems crop up. These are detrimental to man him besides to whole

population of human species in a given ecosystem.

QUESTIONS

1. What is Environment? Discuss the scope of Environment.

2. Describe the importance of environment studies.

3. “The need for public awareness about environment is of vital importance.” Discuss.

4. Discuss the various types of environment.

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Define environments.

2. Discuss the scope of environment.

3. Write a note on the importance of environment studies.

4. Write a note on the need of public awareness about environment.

5. Write a note on physical environment.

6. Write a note on biological environment.

(i) Mountain Environment

(ii) Glacier Environment

(iii) Plateau Environment

(iv) Coastal Environment

(v) Biological Environment

The biological of the environment consists of:


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environment

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wordpress discussion

WordPress is an open source Content Management System (CMS), which allows the users to build dynamic websites and blog. WordPress is the most popular blogging system on the web and allows updating, customizing and managing the website from its back-end CMS and components.This tutorial will teach you the basics of WordPress using which you can create websites with ease. The tutorial is divided into various sections for convenience. Each of these sections contain related topics with screenshots explaining the WordPress admin screens.


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wordpress quick guide

WordPress – Overview

WordPress is an open source Content Management System (CMS), which allows the users to build dynamic websites and blogs. WordPress is the most popular blogging system on the web and allows updating, customizing and managing the website from its back-end CMS and components.

What is Content Management System (CMS)?

The Content Management System (CMS) is a software which stores all the data such as text, photos, music, documents, etc. and is made available on your website. It helps in editing, publishing and modifying the content of the website.
WordPress was initially released on 27th May, 2003 by Matt Mullenweg and Mike Little. WordPress was announced as open source in October 2009.

Features

  • User Management − It allows managing the user information such as changing the role of the users to (subscriber, contributor, author, editor or administrator), create or delete the user, change the password and user information. The main role of the user manager is Authentication.
  • Media Management − It is the tool for managing the media files and folder, in which you can easily upload, organize and manage the media files on your website.
  • Theme System − It allows modifying the site view and functionality. It includes images, stylesheet, template files and custom pages.
  • Extend with Plugins − Several plugins are available which provides custom functions and features according to the users need.
  • Search Engine Optimization − It provides several search engine optimization (SEO) tools which makes on-site SEO simple.
  • Multilingual − It allows translating the entire content into the language preferred by the user.
  • Importers − It allows importing data in the form of posts. It imports custom files, comments, post pages and tags.

Advantages

  • It is an open source platform and available for free.
  • CSS files can be modified according to the design as per users need.
  • There are many plugins and templates available for free. Users can customize the various plugins as per their need.
  • It is very easy to edit the content as it uses WYSIWYG editor (What You See Is What You Get is a user interface that allows the user to directly manipulate the layout of document without having a layout command).
  • Media files can be uploaded easily and quickly.
  • It offers several SEO tools which makes on-site SEO simple.
  • Customization is easy according to the user’s needs.
  • It allows creating different roles for users for website such as admin, author, editor and contributor.

Disadvantages

  • Using several plugins can make the website heavy to load and run.
  • PHP knowledge is required to make modifications or changes in the WordPress website.
  • Sometimes software needs to be updated to keep the WordPress up-to-date with the current browsers and mobile devices. Updating WordPress version leads to loss of data, so a backup copy of the website is required.
  • Modifying and formatting the graphic images and tables is difficult.

WordPress – Installation

System Requirements for WordPress

  • Database − MySQL 5.0 +
  • Web Server −
    • WAMP (Windows)
    • LAMP (Linux)
    • XAMP (Multi-platform)
    • MAMP (Macintosh)
  • Operating System − Cross-platform
  • Browser Support − IE (Internet Explorer 8+), Firefox, Google chrome, Safari, Opera
  • PHP Compatibility − PHP 5.2+

Download WordPress

When you open the link https://wordpress.org/download/, you will get to see a screen as the following snapshot −

WordPress Installation

Create Store Database

  • WordPress requires MySQL database. So create a new empty database with user/password (for example, user as “root” and password as “root” or else you can set as per your convenience).
  • Then, you can continue with the installation process as discussed further.

Set Up Wizard

It’s very easy to set up WordPress into your system. The following steps describe how to set up WordPress locally on your system.
Step (1) − Extract the downloaded WordPress folder and upload it into your web server or localhost.
Step (2) − Open your browser and navigate to your WordPress file path, then you will get the first screen of the WordPress installer as shown in the following screen. In our case, the path is localhost/.

WordPress Installation

Select your language for the WordPress and click on Continue.
Step (3) − In this step, you can view the information needed for the database before proceeding with WordPress installation.

WordPress Installation

Click on Let’s go!
Step (4) − Here, you have to enter the information about the MySQL database as described in the following screen.

WordPress Installation

  • Database Name − Enter the database name which you have created in MySQL database for WordPress.
  • Username − Enter the user name of your MySQL database.
  • Password − Enter the password which you had set for MySQL database.
  • Database Host − Write the host name, by default it will be localhost.
  • Table Prefix − It is used to add prefix in the database tables which helps to run multiple sites on the same database. It takes the default value.
After filling all information, click on Submit button.
Step (5) − WordPress checks the database setting and gives you the confirmation screen as shown in the following snapshot.

WordPress Installation

Click on Run the install
Step (6) − Enter administrative information.

WordPress Installation

It contains the following fields −
  • Site Title − Enter the name of the site which you are going to create in WordPress.
  • Username − Enter the username as per your choice while logging in the WordPress.
  • Password twice − Enter password two times to protect your site.
  • Your E-mail − Enter your e-mail address which helps to recover the password or any update.
  • Privacy − It allows the search engine to index this site after checking the checkbox.
After filling all the information, click on the Install WordPressbutton.
Step (7) − After installation being successful, you will get a screen of the stating success as seen in the following screen.

WordPress Installation

You can view your username and password detail added in WordPress.
Click on Log In button.
Step (8) − After clicking on login, you will get a WordPress Admin Panel as depicted in the following screen.

WordPress Installation

Enter the username and password which you had mentioned during installation as shown in step 6 and click on the Log Inbutton.

WordPress – Dashboard

The WordPress Dashboard is a first screen which will be seen when you log into the administration area of your blog which will display the overview of the website. It is a collection of gadgets that provide information and provide an overview of what’s happening with your blog. You can customize your needs by using some quick links such as writing quick draft, replying to latest comment, etc.
Dashboard can be categorized as shown in the following snapshot. Each of these categories are discussed in the following sections −

Wordpress Dashboard

Dashboard Menu

The WordPress Dashboard provides navigation menu that contains some menu options such as posts, media library, pages, comments, appearance options, plugins, users, tools and settings on the left side.

Screen Options

The dashboard contains different types of widgets which can be shown or hidden on some screens. It contains check boxes to show or hide screen options and also allows us to customize sections on the admin screen.

Welcome

It includes the Customize Your Site button which allows customizing your WordPress theme. The center column provides some of the useful links such as creating a blog post, creating a page and view the front end of your website. Last column contains links to widgets, menus, settings related to comments and also a link to the First Steps With WordPress page in the WordPress codex.

Quick Draft

The Quick Draft is a mini post editor which allows writing, saving and publishing a post from admin dashboard. It includes the title for the draft, some notes about the draft and save it as a Draft.

WordPress News

The WordPress News widget displays the latest news such as latest software version, updates, alerts, news regarding the software etc. from the official WordPress blog.

Activity

The Activity widget includes latest comments on your blog, recent posts and recently published posts. It allows you to approve, disapprove, reply, edit, or delete a comment. It also allows you to move a comment to spam.

At a Glance

This section gives an overview of your blog’s posts, number of published posts and pages, and number of comments. When you click on these links, you will be taken to the respective screen. It displays the current version of running WordPress along with the currently running theme on the site.

WordPress – General Setting

In this chapter, we will study about General Settings in WordPress. WordPress general setting is used to set the basic configuration settings for your site. In the setting administration screen, it is a default setting screen.
Following are the steps to access the general settings −
Step 1 − Click on Settings → General option in WordPress.

WordPress General Setting

Step 2 − The General Setting page is displayed as shown in the following snapshot.

WordPress General Setting

Following are the details of the fields on general settings page.
  • Site Title − It displays the name of the site in the template header.
  • Tagline − Displays a short sentence about your site.
  • WordPress Address (URL) − It is the URL of WordPress directory where your all core application files are present.
  • Site Address(URL) − Enter the site URL which you want your site to display on the browser.
  • E-mail Address − Enter your e-mail address which helps to recover your password or any update.
  • Membership − Anyone can register an account on your site after you check this checkbox.
  • New User Default Role − The default role is set for the newly registered user or members.
  • Timezone − Sets the time zone based on the particular city.
  • Date Format − Sets the date format as you need to display on the site.
  • Time Format − Sets the time format as you need to display on the site.
  • Week Starts On − Select the week day which you prefer to start for WordPress calendar. By default it is set as Monday.
  • Site Language − Sets the language for the WordPress dashboard.
Step3 − After filling all the information about general settings, click on Save Changes button. It saves all your general setting information.

WordPress – Writing Setting

The writing settings controls the writing experience and provides options for customizing WordPress site. These settings control the features in the adding and editing posts, Pages, and Post Types, as well as the optional functions like Remote Publishing, Post via e-mail, and Update Services.
Following are the steps to access the writing settings −
Step (1) − To change writing settings, go to Settings → Writing option.
WordPress Writing Setting
Step (2) − The Writing Setting page is displayed as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Writing Setting
Following are the details of the fields on the page.
  • Formatting − This field defines two sub options for better user experience.
    • The first option Convert emoticons like 🙂 and 😛 to graphics on display will turn text-based emoticons into graphic-based emoticons.
    • The second option WordPress should correct invalidly nested XHTML automatically corrects the invalid XHTML placed within the posts or pages.
  • Default Post Category − It is a category to be applied to a post and you can leave it as Uncategorized.
  • Default Post Format − It is used by themes to select post format to be applied to a post or create different styles for different types of posts.
  • Post via e-mail − This option uses e-mail address to create posts and publishes posts on your blog through e-mail. To use this, you’ll need to set up a secret e-mail account with a POP3 access, and any mail received at this address will be posted.
  • Mail Server − It allows reading the e-mails that you send to WordPress and stores them for retrieval. For this, you need to have POP3 compatible mail server and it will have URI address such as mail.example.com, which you should enter here.
  • Login Name − To create posts, WordPress will need its own e-mail account. The Login Name will use this e-mail address and should be kept as a secret as spammers will post links redirecting to their own websites.
  • Password − Set password for the above e-mail address.
  • Default Mail Category − It allows selecting custom category for all the posts that are published via Post by e-mail feature.
  • Update Services − When you publish a new post, WordPress will automatically notify the site update services in the box. See the Update Services on the codex for the long list of possible services.
Step (3) − After filling all the above information, click on Save Changes button to save your information.

WordPress – Reading Setting

In this chapter, we will study about Reading Settings in WordPress. Reading Setting is used to set the content related to the front page. You can set the number of post to be displayed on the main page.
Following are the steps to access the reading settings −
Step (1) − Click on Settings → Reading option in WordPress.
WordPress Reading Setting
Step(2) − The Reading Settings page is displayed as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Reading Setting
Following are the details of the fields on reading settings.
  • Front page displays − This section is used to display the front page in any of the following format −
    • Your latest posts − It displays latest posts on the front page.
    • A static page − It displays the static pages on the front page.
      • Front Page − You can select the actual page you want to display on front page from the drop down.
      • Posts Page − You can select the page from the drop down which contains posts.
  • Blog pages show at most − The number of posts to be displayed per page or site. By default, it is set as 10.
  • Syndication feeds show the most recent − The user can view the number of posts when they download one of the site feeds. By default, it is set as 10.
  • For each article in a feed, show − This section is used to display the post by selecting any of the following formats −
    • Full Text − It displays the complete post. It is set as default.
    • Summary − It displays the summary of the post.
  • Search Engine Visibility − After clicking on the checkbox, Discourage search engines from indexing this site, your site will be ignored by the search engine.
Step(3) − After filling all the information, click on Save Changes button to save your Reading Setting information.

WordPress – Discussion Setting

In this chapter, we will study about Discussion settings in WordPress. WordPress discussion setting can be defined as the interaction between the blogger and the visitors. These settings are done by the admin to have a control over the posts/pages that come in through users.
Following are the steps to access the Discussion setting −
Step (1) − Click on Settings → Discussion option in WordPress.
WordPress Discussion Setting
Step (2) − The Discussion Settings page is displayed as shown in the following snapshot.
WordPress Discussion Setting
Following fields are seen in Discussion settings.
  • Default article settings − These settings are default to the new pages you create or new posts. This contains three more settings. They are −
    • Attempt to notify any blogs linked to from the article − When you publish articles then it sends a notification (sends pings and trackback) to other blogs.
    • Allow link notifications from other blogs (pingbacks and trackbacks) − Accepts pings from other blogs.
    • Allow people to post comments on new articles − You can allow or disallow other people to comment on your article using this setting.
    You can change the settings as per your will for individual articles.
  • Other Comment Settings − This setting has the following options −
    • Comment author must fill out name and e-mail− When you check this box, it is mandatory for visitors to fill their name and email address.
    • Users must be registered and logged in to comment − If you check this box, only those registered visitors can leave comments, if not checked anyone can leave any number of comments.
    • Automatically close comments on articles older than days − This option allows you to accept comments only for a particular time period as per your wish.
    • Enable threaded (nested) comments − When you check this option, visitors can reply or have a discussion and get responses.
    • Break comments into pages with top level comments per page and the page displayed by default − If your pages are getting a lot of comments then you can split them into different pages by checking this box.
    • Comments should be displayed with the comments at the top of each page − You can arrange the comments in the form of ascending or descending order.
  • Email me whenever − This setting contains two options, namely −
    • Anyone posts a comment − When you check into this box, the author gets an e-mail for every single comment that is posted.
    • A comment is held for moderation − This is used in case you do not want your comment to be updated before it’s moderated by the admin.
  • Before a comment appears − This setting allows how your posts are controlled. There are two more settings as followed −
    • Comment must be manually approved − If you check this box then only the approved comments by the admin can be displayed on the posts or pages.
    • Comment author must have a previously approved comment − This can be checked when you want to approve a comment of an author whose has commented and his e-mail address matches the e-mail address of the previous posted comment. Otherwise the comment is held for moderation.
  • Comment Moderation − Contain only a specific number of links that are allowed into a comment.
  • Comment Blacklist − You can input your own spam words which you do not want your visitors to enter into the comments, URL, e-mail etc.; later it would filter the comments.
  • Avatars − Avatar is a small image that displays at the top-right-hand corner of the dashboard screen beside your name. It is like your profile picture. Here you have a few more options where you can set your avatar for WordPress site.
    • Avatar Display − It displays your avatar besides your name when it is checked.
    • Maximum rating − You have a four other options of avatars you can use. They are G, PG, R and X. This is the age section where you select according to which type of audience you want to display your posts.
    • Default Avatar − In this option, there are few more types of avatars with images; you can keep these avatars according to your visitors e-mail address.
Step (3) − Click on Save Changes button to save the changes.

WordPress – Media Setting

In this chapter, we will study about Media Settings in WordPress. It is used to set the height and width of the images which you’re going to use on your website.
Step (1) − Click on Settings → Media option in WordPress.
Wordpress Media Setting
Step (2) − The Media Settings page is displayed as seen in the following screenshot.
Wordpress Media Setting
Following are the details of the fields on Media settings −
  • Thumbnail size − Set the size of the thumbnail.
  • Medium size − Set the height and width of medium size images.
  • Large size − Set width and height of larger images.
  • Uploading files − After checking this checkbox, the uploaded image will be arranged into year and month based folder.
Step (3) − After setting the dimension in pixels, click on Save Changes button. It saves your media setting information.

WordPress – Permalink Setting

In this chapter, we will learn about Permalink settings in WordPress. Permalink is a permanent link to a particular blog post or category. It allows setting the default permalink structure. These settings are used to add permalinks to your posts in WordPress. Following are the steps to access permalink settings.
Step (1) − Click on Settings → Permalinks option from the left navigation menu.

Wordpress Permalink Settings

Step (2) − When you click on Permalinks, the following page appears on the screen.

Wordpress Permalink Settings

Here are a few settings you can make −
  • Common settings −
    Check any of the radio buttons to choose your permalink structure for your blogs
    • Default − It sets the default URL structure in WordPress.
    • Day and name − It sets URL structure according to the date and name in your posts.
    • Month and name − It sets the URL structure according to the month and name in your post.
    • Numeric − It sets numbers in the URL structure in your post.
    • Post name − It sets post name in the URL structure in your post.
    • Custom Structure − It sets the URL structure of your choice by writing the desired name in the given text box.
  • Optional
    These are optional. You can add custom structure for main category or tag URL. If your text box is empty then default settings is used. Here you have two options.
    • Category Base − Add custom prefix for your category URL.
    • Tag Base − Add custom prefix to your Tags URL.
Step (3) − Once you are done with changes, click on Save Changes button to save the permalink settings.

WordPress – Plugin Setting

In this chapter, we will study how to use plugins in your WordPress site. Plugin allows to easily modify, customize or enhance WordPress blog or post. The WordPress Plugin is a software that can be uploaded to expand the functionality of the site. They add services or features to WordPress blog. Plugins are used to make your work easier. Following are the simple steps to add plugins.
Step (1) − On the left side bar, Click on Plugins → Installed Plugins as shown in the screen.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Step (2) − The following page appears.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

In this section, you can view the already installed plugins.
Step (3) − Click on → Plugins → Add New menu as shown in the following screen.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Step (4) − A list of plugins appears that are used in WordPress. Here you can directly install plugins from the available list or you can upload it by clicking on Upload Plugin.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

When you click on Upload Plugin you’ll get the following page.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Click on Browse, it goes back to the page where you can select plugins from WordPress site. And if you click on Choose File, you can add files from your system. Otherwise, you can directly choose the plugin that you need and click on Install now as seen in the following screenshot.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

When you click on Install Now, the package starts to download and gets installed. Then, click on Activate plugin to active that plugin to use in WordPress as seen in the following screen.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

After clicking on Activate Plugin you’ll get a message as Plugin activated and you can also find the installed plugin in the list.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Below the plugin activated message, you can view few options such as All, Active, Inactive and Update available.
When you click on Active the following page appears. Here you can view all the activated plugins.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

When we click on Inactive, the plugins which are available but are not activated gets displayed. You can activate this plugin by clicking on Activate.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

When you click on Update available, you’ll get a list of plugins that must be updated. Click on Update and you get a message as Updated.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Click on Bulk Actions and select any of the options. Click on Apply button to update, delete, activate or deactivate each of the plugins by checking the boxes.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

In Search Installed Plugins you can just type your plugin name in the text box that is already installed and click on the Search Installed Plugins button.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

When you click on the Search installed Plugin button you get the following page with your respective plugin.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Step (5) − Click on Plugins → Editor from the side bar.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

Step (6) − The following page gets displayed.

Wordpress Plugin Settings

This page lets you edit your plugins. A few options are explained.
  • Select plugin to edit − Allows you to select a plugin from the dropdown and edit it.
  • Documentation − Allows you to select the tools from the dropdown to edit the plugin.
  • Plugin files − Allows you to select files from the list and edit accordingly.
Finally, after editing the plugin files, click on Update file.

WordPress – Add Category

In this chapter, we will study about how to Add Categories in WordPress. Category is used to indicate sections of your site and group related posts. It sorts the group content into different sections. It is a very convenient way to organize the posts.
To access the Category section, follows the mentioned steps −
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Categories option in WordPress.

WordPress add category

Step (2) − The Categories page is displayed as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress add category

Following are the details of the fields on Categories.
  • Name − Enter the unique name of categories.
  • Slug − A word chosen to describe your post. It is specified in the tags URL.
  • Parent − By selecting the parent category from dropdown, you can set the particular category as sub-category or can keep it as None.
  • Description − Add brief description of your category. It is optional.
Step (3) − After filling all the information about Categories, click on Add New Category button.
Step (4) − After clicking on Add New Category, the new created category will get displayed on the right side of the page as shown in the following screen.

WordPress add category

WordPress – Edit Category

In this chapter, we will study the simple steps to Edit Categories in WordPress.
Following are the simple steps to edit categories in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Categories in WordPress.

WordPress Edit Category

Step (2) − You can view Category1 (Category1 was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Category). When the cursor hovers on the Categories, then a few options get displayed below the Category name. There are two ways to edit the categories i.e. Edit and Quick Edit
Edit − Click on Edit option in Categories section as seen in the following screenshot.

WordPress Edit Category

You can edit any of the required field, and then click Updatebutton as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Category

Category fields are same from the chapter WordPress – Add Category.
Quick Edit − Click on Quick Edit option in Categories section as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Category

Here, you can only edit the Name and Slug of the category as seen in the following screen and then finally click on Update Category button.

WordPress Edit Category

WordPress – Delete Category

In this chapter, we will study about how to Delete Categories in WordPress.
Following are the simple steps to delete categories in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Categories in WordPress.

WordPress delete category

Step (2) − You can delete Category1 (Category1 was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Category). When the cursor hovers on the Categories, a few options get displayed below the Category name. Click on Delete button as shown in the following screen.

WordPress delete category

When you click on delete, you will get a pop message asking for confirmation to delete the particular category as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress delete category

You can click on OK button and delete the category permanently.

WordPress – Arrange Categories

In this chapter, we will study about how to Arrange Categoriesin WordPress. You can’t arrange categories directly in WordPress. Hence, you will need to install Category Order plugin to arrange the created categories in a particular way.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Category Order in WordPress. The Category Order menu displays after adding the Category Order plugin. You can study how to install plugins in the chapter Install Plugins.

WordPress arrange category

Step (2) − In the following screen, you can see that the create categories section are not in order.

WordPress arrange category

Step (3) − Now, you can rearrange your categories by just dragging the categories as per your choice. Click on Order categories button to save the ordered categories.

WordPress arrange category

WordPress – Add Posts

In this chapter, we will study how to Add Posts in WordPress. Posts are also known as articles and sometimes referred as blogs or blog posts. These are used to popularize your blogs.
Following are the simple steps to Add Posts in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Add New in WordPress.

WordPress Add Posts

Step (2) − You will get the editor page of the Post as shown in the following screen. You can use the WordPress WYSIWYG editor to add the actual content of your post. We will study in detail about WYSIWYG editor in the chapter WordPress – Add Pages.

WordPress Add Posts

Following are the fields on the editor page of the Add Posts Page.
  • Post Title − Enter the title of the post, i.e., Post1.
  • Post Content − Enter the content of your post.
Step (3) − Click on Publish button to publish your respective post.

Wordpress Add Posts

Following are the few other options present in the Publish section.
  • Save Draft − It saves the post as a draft.
  • Preview − You can preview your post before publishing.
  • Move to Trash − Deletes the post.
  • Status − Change the status of your post to Published, Pending, or Reviewer Draft.
  • Visibility − Change the visibility of the post to Public, Private or Password protected.
  • Published − Change the publishded post date and time.

WordPress – Edit Posts

In this chapter, we will study how to Edit Posts on WordPress.
Following are the simple steps to Edit Posts in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → All Posts in WordPress.

WordPress Edit Posts

Step (2) − You can view Post1 (Post1 was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Posts). When the cursor hovers on the Post, few options get displayed below the Post name. There are two ways to edit the Post i.e. Edit and Quick Edit.
Edit − Click on Edit option in Post1 as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Posts

You can edit or change the content or title of the post as per your needs, and then click on Update button as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Posts

Quick Edit − Click on Quick Edit option in Post1 as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Edit Posts

Here you can edit the Title, Slug and date of the posts and can also select the categories for your post as shown in the following screenshot and then click on Update button to confirm post edits.

WordPress Edit Posts

WordPress – Delete Posts

In this chapter, we will study how to Delete Posts in WordPress.
Following are the steps to Delete Posts in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → All Post in WordPress.

WordPress delete posts

Step (2) − You can delete Post1 (Post1 was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Posts). When the cursor hovers on the Post, then a few options get displayed below Post1. Click on Trash option to delete the post.

WordPress delete posts

Step (3) − You can view your post lists to confirm if the above post is deleted.

WordPress delete posts

WordPress – Preview Posts

In this chapter, we will study how to Preview Posts in WordPress. Preview Post is to view the post before it is published to the user. It is safer to preview your post and verify how your post looks on the website. You can edit or change the post as per your need after previewing.
Following are the simple steps to Preview Posts in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → All Posts in wordPress.

WordPress preview posts

Step (2) − You can view Post1 (Post1 was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Posts). When the cursor hovers on the Post, then a few options get displayed below the Post name. Click on the View option as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress preview posts

Or else you can view your post directly while editing or adding post by clicking on the Preview button as shown in the following screen.

WordPress preview posts

Step (3) − You can view your post, when you click on View or Preview.

WordPress preview posts

WordPress – Publish Posts

In this chapter, we will study how to Publish Posts in WordPress. Publish is used to make the post available to all the users wherein every user can view that particular post. Publishing a new post in WordPress is an easy process.
Following are the steps to Publish Posts in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Add New in WordPress.

WordPress Publish Posts

Step (2) − You will get the editor page of the Post as shown in the following screenshot. You can use the WordPress WYSIWYG editor to add the actual content of your post.

WordPress Publish Posts

Step (3) − Click on Publish button to publish your respective post.

WordPress Publish Posts

After clicking on publish, your posts get published for the user to view it.

WordPress – Media Library

In this chapter, we will learn about Media Library in WordPress. Media Library consists of the images, audios, videos and files that you can upload and add to the content when writing a Post or Page. Here you can view, add, edit or delete any media related objects if not needed.
Following are the steps to understand about Media Library.
Step (1) − Click on Media → Library in WordPress.

WordPress Media Library

Step (2) − You can view media files like images, audios, videos. Click on Add Media button.

WordPress Media Library

Step (3) − The Upload New Media page gets displayed. You can learn how to Add Media in the next chapter.

WordPress Media Library

Step (4) − You can view a bar as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Media Library

The various tabs that appear have the following functions −
List View − Displays the images and videos in list form.

WordPress Media Library

Grid View − Displays all images in the grid format as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Media Library

Filter the images and videos − Filters the images and videos.
Search Box − Helps to search a particular image by inserting the name into the box.

WordPress – Add Media

In this chapter, we will study how to Add Media files in WordPress. WordPress allows you to add, all kind of media files like videos, audios and images.
Following are the steps to Add Media.
Step (1) − Click on Media → Add New in WordPress.

WordPress Add Media

Step (2) − Then, click on Select Files option to select the files from your local storage as shown in the following figure.

WordPress Add Media

Step (3) − Add Media files such as images and audios by selecting them and click open as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Add Media

Step (4) − You can view the list of media files added as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Add Media

WordPress – Insert Media

In this chapter, we will study how to Insert Media in WordPress. Media files can be inserted to your Pages or Posts from libraries, from local storage or from URLs.
Following are the steps to Insert Media in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Add New in WordPress.

WordPress Insert Media

Step (2) − Click on Add Media.

WordPress Insert Media

Step (3) − You can select the files from the Media Library tab as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Insert Media

Information about the selected media file will be displayed on the right side of the screen under the Attachment Details. Click on Insert Post button, the image will be inserted into the post. In Attachment Details section, you will find information about the images such as URL, Title, Caption, Alt Text and Description
You can also insert an image directly from your system by clicking on Upload Files tab. Click on Insert into Post button.

WordPress Insert Media

WordPress – Edit Media

In this chapter, we will study how to Edit Media in wordPress. You can manage all the information about your media that is saved in the Media Library.
Following are the steps to Edit Media in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Media → Library and click on the name of the media item or the edit link.

WordPress edit media

Step (2) − You will view a list of media files. Select any one image to edit.

WordPress edit media

Step (3) − You can view the edit media page with few options on the right side.

WordPress edit media

  • URL − You can read only a link from media file.
  • Title − This displays the name of the media. Title is often shown in galleries and attachment pages, if themes or plugins are designed to display it.
  • Permalink − Permalink is the URL of the media attachment page. This is also a link to view the attachment page.
  • Edit image button − This allows you to edit the image position, such as rotate counter-clockwise, rotate clockwise, scale, crop, flip vertically, and flip horizontally.
  • Caption − A brief explanation of the media.
  • Alternate Text − The alt text for the image, which is used to describe media. Used for availability.
  • Description − An explanation of your media file.
  • Delete Permanently − Delete your media file permanently.
Step (4) − Once you complete editing the required fields, click on Update button to save the changes made to an image.

WordPress edit media

WordPress – Add Pages

In this chapter, we will study how to Add Pages into the WordPress. Adding pages is similar to adding posts in WordPress. Pages are static content and often do not change its displayed information.
Following are the simple steps to add pages in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Pages → Add New as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Add Pages

Step (2) − You will get the editor page as seen in the following screenshot. The editor page has two tabs, Visual and Text. You can insert text in either of these. Here, we’ll study about inserting text into Visual format.

WordPress Add Pages

Following are the details of the fields on editor page of the Add New Page.

Title

It is used to write the title of the article, which is later displayed on the page.
Permalink shows the potential URL for the page below the title. The URL generates as per the given title.

WordPress Add Pages

WYSIWYG Editor

It is a WYSIWYG Editor, which is similar to a word processor interface where you can edit the contents of the article.

WordPress Add Pages

Following are the options present of WYSIWYG editor −
  • Bold Button − Used to bold your font.
  • Italic − Used to italicize the font.
  • Word Strike − Strikes through the content.
  • Bullet List − Adds bullets to content.
  • Number List − Adds numbers to the list of the content.
  • Blockquote − Quotes the text.
  • Horizontal Line − Creates a horizontal line between sentences.
  • Left Align − Sets the content on the left side of the page.
  • Right Align − Sets the content to the right side of the page.
  • Justify − Justifies the content of the page.
  • Add Link − Adds a link to your content. When you click on this button, the following page gets displayed.

Wordpress Add Pages

Following are the fields present in the Insert/edit link.
  • URL − Enter URL you want to link.
  • Link text − Insert text you want to enter into the link.
  • Open link in a new window/tab − Open your link page into the new tab or window. Check the box as required.
  • Or link to existing account − Links to an existing content page by selecting the page from the given list. When you click on existing page then you get a link created in the URL section as seen in the following screenshot.

Wordpress Add Pages

  • Remove Link − Deletes the particular link added for text or content.
  • Read more tag − Adds Read More tag to your page.
  • Toolbar toggle − Clicking on this you get another list of toolbar as shown in the following image.

WordPress Add Pages

    • Paragraph − Selects the headings as required for the text from the dropdown.
    • Underline − Underlines the sentences.
    • Justify − Justifies your content.
    • Text Color − Sets color for words or sentences.
    • Paste as Text − Pastes your text.
    • Clear Formatting − Deletes selected content.
    • Special character − Inserts special characters needed in your content.

WordPress Add Pages

    • Increase Indent − Increases the indent of the page.
    • Decrease Indent − Decreases the indent of the page.
    • Undo − Reverses the most recent editing command.
    • Redo − Opposite of undo, restores the most recent editing command.

Text Insertion

For writing the content of an article.

Publish

To publish the page to the user on the website.

Page Attribute

Page attributes module allows you to select the parents for your particular page. You can also set order of the pages.
  • Parent − Allows you to select parent page.
  • Order − Sets the order of the page.

WordPress Add Pages

Featured Images

Includes the images in the pages.

WordPress – Publish Pages

In this chapter, we will study how to Publish Pages in WordPress. The command, “Publish” is used to make the pages available to all users wherein each user can view that particular page. Publishing a new page in WordPress is an easy process.
Following are the steps to Publish Pages in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Pages → Add New in WordPress.

WordPress Publish Pages

Step (2) − You will get the editor as shown in the following screenshot. You can use the WordPress WYSIWYG editor to add the actual content of your page.

WordPress Publish Pages

Step (3) − Click on Publish button as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Publish Pages

After clicking on publish, your posts get published for the user to view it.

WordPress – Edit Pages

In this chapter, we will study how to Edit pages in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Pages → All Pages in WordPress as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Pages

Step (2) − You can view About Us (About Us was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Pages). When the cursor hovers on the pages, then few options get displayed below About Us. There are two ways to edit the Post, i.e., Edit and Quick Edit.
Edit − Click on Edit option in About Us as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Edit Pages

You can edit or change the content or title from the page as per your need, and then click on Update button as shown in the following screen.

Wordpress Edit Pages

Quick Edit − Click on Quick Edit option in About Us as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Pages

You can edit the Title, Slug and date of the About Us page and can also select the parent for your page as shown in the following shot and then click on Update button.

WordPress Edit Pages

WordPress – Delete Pages

In this chapter, we will learn to Delete Pages in WordPress.
Following are the steps to Delete pages in wordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Pages → All Pages in WordPress.

WordPress Delete Pages

Step (2) − You can delete Sample Page (Sample Page is created by default in WordPress). When the cursor hovers on the pages, then a few options gets displayed below the Sample Page. Click on Trash option to delete the post.

WordPress Delete Pages

Or alternatively you can also delete your page directly while editing or adding page by clicking on the Move to Trash button as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Delete Pages

Step (3) − To confirm that you have deleted the page, view your page list.

WordPress Delete Pages

WordPress – Add Tags

Tag is a small information attached to the main content or post for the purpose of identification. It tells the visitors what actually the post is about. If the tag is mentioned properly then it helps to find the content very easily.
Following are the steps to Add Tags in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Tags in WordPress.

WordPress Add Tags

Step (2) − The Tags page is displayed.

WordPress Add Tags

Following are the details of the fields on Tags.
  • Name − Enter the name of tags.
  • Slug − A word chosen to describe your post. It is specified in the tags URL.
  • Description − Add brief description of your tag. It gets displayed when you hover on the tag.
After filling all the information about Tags, click on Add New Tag button.
Step (3) − The new created tags will get displayed on the right side of the page as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Add Tags

WordPress – Edit Tags

In this chapter, we will study to Edit Tags in WordPress. You can learn how to add tags in the chapter WordPress – Add Tags.
Following are the simple steps to Edit Tags in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Tags in WordPress.

WordPress Edit Tags

Step (2) − You can view tag Food around the world (Food around the world was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Tags). When the cursor hovers on the Tags, then a few options get displayed below the Tag name. There are two ways to edit the tags i.e. Edit and Quick Edit
Edit − Click on Edit option in Tags section as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Tags

You can edit any of the required field, and then click on Updatebutton as shown in the following screen.

Wordpress Edit Tags

Here tag fields are same from the chapter WordPress – Add Tags.
Quick Edit − Click on Quick Edit option in Tags section as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Edit Tags

Here you can only edit the Name and Slug of the Tags as seen in the following screen and then click on Update Tag button.

WordPress Edit Tags

WordPress – Delete Tags

In this chapter, we will learn to Delete tags in WordPress.
Following are the steps to delete tags in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Posts → Tags in WordPress.

WordPress Delete Tags

Step (2) − You can delete tag Food around the world (Food around the world was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Tags), when the cursor hovers on the Tags, then a few options get displayed below the Tags name. Click on Delete in tags section as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Delete Tags

When you click on delete, you will get a pop message asking for confirmation to delete.

WordPress Delete Tags

You can click on OK button and delete the tag permanently.

WordPress – Add Links

In this chapter, we will learn to Add Links in WordPress pages. Link is a connection from one resource to another. Adding links to your pages or blog posts help you to connect to other pages.
Following are the simple steps to Add links in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Pages → All Pages in WordPress.

WordPress Add Links

Step (2) − List of pages created in WordPress will get displayed as shown in the following screen. Select any of the pages to add links inside it. Here, we are going to add links in About Us page.

WordPress Add Links

Step (3) − Select any of the sentence or word where you want to add link. Here, we will add link to the word Lorem.

WordPress Add Links

Step (4) − When you click on the Insert/Edit link symbol then the following pop window gets displayed.

WordPress Add Links

Following are the fields present in the Insert/edit link.
  • URL − Enter URL you want to link.
  • Link text − Insert text you want to enter into the link.
  • Open link in a new window/tab − Open your link page into the new tab or window. Check the box as required.
  • Or link to existing account − Add links to an existing content page by selecting the page from the given list. Click on Or link to existing account and the list of pages and posts gets displayed as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Add Links

After selecting the particular page or post from the list, the links get created in the URL field as seen in the preceding screen. Click on Add Link.
Step (5) − When you hover on the word Lorem then the link tooltip gets displayed as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Add Links

Click on Update button to update the changes in your page or post.

WordPress – Edit Links

In this chapter, we will study how to edit link in WordPress.
Following are the simple steps to Edit Links in WordPress
Step (1) − Click on Pages → All Pages as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Links

Step (2) − You can view the list of pages. When the cursor hovers on the About Us page, then a few options get displayed below About Us. Click on Edit as shown.

WordPress Edit Links

Step (3) − Hover on the word Lorem (Link for word Lorem was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Links), and click on the pencil symbol to edit the link as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Links

Step (4) − You can change or edit your link by selecting the page from the existing list. In this case, we have selected the About Us page.

WordPress Edit Links

After selecting the particular page or post from the list, then click on Update button.
Step (5) − When you hover on the word Lorem then the link tooltip get displayed as seen in the following screen.

WordPress Edit Links

Click on Update button to update the changes in your page or post.

WordPress – Delete Links

In this chapter, we will learn to Delete links from WordPress. You can remove the unwanted links which you don’t need for your website or article.
Following are the steps to Delete Links in WordPress
Step (1) − Click on Pages → All Pages in WordPress.

WordPress Delete Links

Step (2) − You can view the list of pages. When the cursor hovers on the About Us page, then a few options gets displayed. Click on the Edit button as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Delete Links

Step (3) − Select the word which you had already linked i.e. Lorem (Link for word Lorem was created in the chapter WordPress – Add Links), and click on the Remove Link Symbol as seen in the following screen.

WordPress Delete Links

Step (4) − When you hover on the word Lorem, there will be no tooltip of the existing URL. The following screenshot shows that the link has been deleted.

WordPress Delete Links

WordPress – Add Comments

In this chapter, we will learn to Add Comments in WordPress. Adding comments allows your visitors to have a discussion with you. Comments are approved by the admin and then posted to be discussed further.
Following are the steps to add comments to your blog posts.
Step (1) − Click on Pages → All Pages in WordPress.

WordPress Add Comments

Step (2) − The list of pages created in WordPress will get displayed as seen in the following screen. Select any of the pages you want to add comments to. Here, we are going to add comment in About Us page. Click on About Us.

WordPress Add Comments

Step (3) − To add a comment on this page, click on Screen options present at the top right hand corner.

WordPress Add Comments

Step (4) − The dropdown list of Screen Option gets displayed. Check the Discussion and Comments box as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Add Comments

Step (5) − You can now view the Discussion and Comments box at the bottom of your page.

WordPress Add Comments

In the Discussion section, there are two options present −
  • Allow Comments − Allows visitors to comment on your blog posts and pages.
  • Allow trackbacks and pingbacks on this page − Allows visitors to give pings and trackbacks.
In the Comment section, you can add comments by clicking on Add Comment button.
Step (6) − Click on Update button after adding the comment box.

WordPress – Edit Comments

In this chapter, we will learn about how to Edit comments in WordPress. Editing comments can be done only by the admin.
Following are the steps to Edit Comments in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Comments in WordPress.

WordPress Edit Comments

Step (2) − You can view the comments list for the various pages. Select any comment, you want to edit. Click on edit.

WordPress Edit Comments

Step (3) − The Edit comment page gets displayed. You can edit the comment and click on Update Button.

WordPress Edit Comments

Here you can edit the name, e-mail, URL or the comment from the comment box.

WordPress – Moderate Comments

In this chapter, we will learn to Moderate Comments in WordPress. Comment moderation is a process where, when visitors comment on posts, the comment is not published directly until and unless it is approved by the admin to be posted. It manages your comments so that there is no comment spamming.
Step (1) − Click on Settings → Discussion in WordPress.

WordPress Moderate Comments

Step (2) − The Discussion Setting page gets displayed.

WordPress Moderate Comments

In the Comment Moderation field, enter those words or URLs you do not want any visitor to add comments. Whenever a visitor gives any comments it would be moderated by the admin first and then published.
Step (3) − Click on Save Changes.

WordPress – View Plugins

In this chapter, we will study how to View Plugins in WordPress. It helps you to enable and disable WordPress Plugins. This adds the unique features to an existing web site. Plugins extend and enlarge the functionality of WordPress.
Following are the simple steps to View Plugins in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Plugins → Installed Plugins in WordPress administrator.

WordPress View Plugins

Step (2) − You will see the list of existing plugins on your site as seen in the following screen.

WordPress View Plugins

A table of Plugin and Description is displayed. Names of the plugins are defined in Plugin column and a brief description about the plugin is defined under Description column.

Toolbar

Following functions appear as Plugin toolbar options on the page −
  • Active − Shows the active plugins on the website.
  • Inactive − Shows the installed but inactive plugins on the website.
  • Update Available − Shows, if a new version is available or asks to update now.

WordPress – Install Plugins

In this chapter, we will study how to install plugins in WordPress. It is really easy to install plugins. All the plugins are free to download; the only condition is that a plugin must be in the WordPress directory.
Following are the simple steps to Install Plugins in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Plugins → Add New in WordPress.

wordPress install plugins

Step (2) − Enter your required plugin name in the search boxas shown in the following screen. List of plugins which are relevant to the plugins name will get displayed as seen in the following screen.

wordPress install plugins

Select the required plugin you want to use. Here, we have searched All in one SEO Pack plugin, which happens to be the first plugin as shown in the preceding screen. Click on install now button to install the plugin on your website.
Step (3) − The plugins automatically start downloading and installing.

wordPress install plugins

Click on Activate Plugin to activate the plugin on your website, which makes your task much easier using this plugin.
Step (4) − Once activated, you will see the installed plugin in the list of plugins as seen in the following screen.

wordPress install plugins

WordPress – Customize Plugins

In this chapter, we will study how to Customize Plugins in WordPress without writing any HTML or CSS. It’s usually a large addition for multi-user sites. This new method allows you to customize your login page by using the WordPress theme customizer (no coding skills required).
Following are the simple steps to Customize Plugins in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Plugins → Add New.

wordPress customize plugins

Step (2) − Install and activate the Custom Login Page Customizer Plugin.

wordPress customize plugins

Step (3) − Click on Appearance → Login Customize section.

wordPress customize plugins

Step (4) − Click on Start Customizing button to proceed further.

wordPress customize plugins

Step (5) − It will launch the built-in WordPress theme customizer. You can customize the theme and make it look the way you want.

wordPress customize plugins

Click on the new Login Customizer tab in the side panel. Login customizer page will get displayed. On the login customizer page, you can customize your login page in the same way as you customize your WordPress theme.
Step (6) − The customized login page will appear as shown in the following screen.

wordPress customize plugins

  • Logo − Upload logo of your choice to replace the default WordPress logo.
  • Background − Add background image or you can choose a background color of your choice.
  • Form Background − Select form background image or color for login form container of your choice.
Most of the selections in the customizer panel are transparent. You can check all the selections in the customizer to adjust the setting as per your requirement of your login page. Click on Save and Publish button.

WordPress – User Roles

In this chapter, we will learn about the roles of users in WordPress. Every user has their own role in WordPress. Roles are like permissions given to a particular user to access the WordPress site. These roles can be allotted only by the Admin.
Here are few pre-defined roles available in WordPress −
  • Administrator − The Administrator has all the rights. An Admin can do anything and everything on the WordPress site such as creating more admins, inviting more users and also removing them.
  • Editor − The Editor has access to all the posts, pages, comments, categories, tags, and links. They can create, publish, edit or delete any posts or pages.
  • Author − The Author can only write posts, upload pictures, edit, and publish their own posts.
  • Contributor − The Contributor can only write and edit their posts until published. They can create their own posts and pages but cannot publish them. They cannot upload images or files but can see your site’s status. When they want to publish any post, it must be first notified personally to the administrator for review. When the post is approved, the contributor cannot make any changes once published.
  • Follower − The Follower can only read and comment on the posts. Followers are the ones who have signed in to your account to receive updates.
  • Viewer − Viewers can only view your posts; they cannot edit but can only comment on the posts.

WordPress – Add Users

In this chapter, we will study how to Add users to your WordPress blog or website. When users register on your WordPress blog or website, you get an e-mail notification, so you always know when new users register, and you can then get into your Dashboard and edit the users’ role.
Following are the simple steps to Add Users in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Users → Add New in WordPress.

WordPress Add Users

Step (2) − You can fill the user detail on the Add New Userpage. Fill in all the required fields (as seen in the following screen) to proceed further.

WordPress Add Users

  • Username (required) − Enter the unique username, which you want to display on website.
  • E-mail (required) − Enter the valid e-mail address. The user receives notifications from the site at this e-mail address.
  • First Name − Enter the user’s first name.
  • Last Name − Enter the user’s last name.
  • Website − Enter the URL for the user’s website.
  • Password (required) − Enter the password.
  • Repeat Password (required) − Repeat the same password as the previous password for authentication.
  • Send Password − Send password to the New User by e-mail checkbox. The user will receive an e-mail with the new password.
  • Role − Select the particular role from the dropdown, i.e., Subscriber, Contributor, Author, Editor, or Administrator.
Click on Add New User button to add user to your users list.
Step (3) − You can view the user list to see whether the users have been added. A message will be displayed as New User Created as seen in the following screen.

WordPress Add Users

WordPress – User Photo

In this chapter, we will study about User Photo in WordPress. To add user photo in WordPress, you must install plugin User Photo from WordPress plugins. It helps you add a photo of your own to your WordPress profile.
Following are the simple steps to add a User photo.
Step (1) − Click on Settings → User Photo.

WordPress User Photo

Step (2) − The User Photo Options page gets displayed.

WordPress User Photo

Set the dimension for your thumbnails and make the required changes and then click on Update Options button.
Step (3) − To view the plugin User Photo is activated, go to Users → Your Profile. In your Profile page you can see Your Photo section is added. Here you can upload your photo to display as profile image.

WordPress User Photo

WordPress – Edit Users

In this chapter, we will study how to Edit Users in WordPress.
Following are the simple steps to Edit Users in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Users → All Users.

WordPress Edit Users

Step (2) − You will see a list of users.

WordPress Edit Users

There are two more tabs seen on the toolbar −
  • Administrator − List of administrators will be displayed.
  • Subscriber − List of subscribers will be displayed.
When we click on the Change role to box, a dropdown list appears as seen in the preceding screenshot.
  • Subscriber − A person who can only manage his profile.
  • Contributor − A person who can write and supervise own posts, but cannot publish them.
  • Author − A person who can publish and manage his own posts.
  • Editor − A person who can publish and manage posts, including the posts of other users.
  • Administrator − A person who has access to all the administration features within a single website.
Click on the check box of the user name to change the role of the user. Then, click on change button and the user’s role will be changed accordingly.
Step (3) − Click on Edit option as shown in the following screen to edit the user.

WordPress Edit Users

Step (4) − The Edit User page is displayed. Here you can edit or modify all the fields as per your need and click on Update User to save the changes.

WordPress Edit Users

WordPress – Delete Users

In this chapter, we will learn how to delete users in WordPress.
Following are the steps to Delete Users.
Step (1) − Click on Users → All Users.

WordPress Delete User

Step (2) − List of Users gets displayed as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Delete User

Step (3) − Select the one you want to delete. And click on Delete.

WordPress Delete Pages

Step (4) − When you click on Delete you get the following page.

WordPress delete User

Step (5) − Select options as required and click on Confirm Deletion. Your user will be deleted.
Step (6) − We have another method of deleting users. A screen as shown in the following shot appears.
Here you can select the users to delete, check the boxes and click on Delete from the dropdown list and click on Apply.
Step (7) − Once you click on Apply, the users selected will be deleted.

WordPress Delete User

WordPress – Personal Profile

In this chapter, we will learn how to create a Personal profile in WordPress.
Following are the steps to Personal Profile.
Step(1) − Click on Users → Your Profile from the left navigation bar.

WordPress Personal Profile

Step (2) − When you click on ‘Your profile’ the following screen will be displayed.

WordPress Personal Profile

The following Personal options appear on the screen −
  • Visual editor − While you are adding posts/pages to your site you can enable this setting if you wish to create, format, or edit your post. If you disable this setting, you won’t be able to use this option.
  • Admin color scheme − You can change the color of your WordPress site by selecting any of the following.
  • Keyboard Shortcuts − If you are too fast at getting your work done and need keyboard shortcuts then you can check this box.
  • Toolbar − If you check this box, you can view the toolbar while using WordPress.
Name
  • Username − Enter your user name.
  • First Name/ Last Name − Enter your first name and last name.
  • Nick name − Enter nick names if any.
  • Display name publicly as − Check the box if you want your name to be displayed publicly.
Contact Info
  • E-mail − Enter a valid e-mail address.
  • Website − Type in your web address.
About yourself
  • Biographical Info − Some details about you.
  • New password − Enter a password of your choice.
  • Repeat password − Re-enter the password for authentication. Password must contain 7 characters.
  • Your photo − You can upload an image of your own from your computer. This will be your profile picture.
Step (3) − After you have updated all the changes, click on Update Profile.

WordPress – Theme Management

In this chapter, we will learn about Theme management. It includes image files, templates, CSS stylesheets, etc. that can help to make your website look great. This chapter discusses how to install, add new, or customize themes in WordPress.
Following are the steps for Theme Management.
Step (1) − Select Appearance → Themes from the dashboard.

WordPress Theme Manegement

Step (2) − The following screen will be displayed. Hover over any theme and click on Theme Details.

WordPress Theme ManagementWordPress Theme Management

Step (3) − When you click on Theme Detail the following page appears. It consists of details related to the theme. Details like version, description, tags etc.

WordPress Theme Management

If you want to add this theme to your page/website then click on Activate, and if you want to just check the theme, then click on Live preview.
If you click on activate then you get a pop-up message as −

WordPress Theme Management

Step (4) − Click on Customize.

WordPress Theme Management

Step (5) − On the left side of the page, you can customize your theme. Any changes you make or anything new you add is displayed on the right side of the page.

WordPress Theme Management

We will learn about customizing the appearance of the themes in the next chapter i.e.; WordPress Customize Theme.

WordPress – Customize Theme

In this chapter, we will learn how to customize themes. Customizing themes help you to give a new look to your website. Here you can change background images/colors, add titles, and do much more.
Following are the steps of Customize theme.
Step (1) − Click on Appearance → Customize.
WordPress Customize Theme
Step (2) − The following screen will be displayed.
WordPress Customize Theme
As can be seen, on the left side we have the customizing section, and on the right side we have the theme you have chosen. So any changes you make on the left side will be displayed on the right side of the page. Here are a few options you must know −
Active theme − In this section, you can change the current theme just by clicking on ‘Change’.
WordPress Customize Theme
When you click on ‘Change’ you get a list of themes, click on any of the themes, and then click ‘Save & Continue’. Your theme will be saved.
WordPress Customize Theme
Site Title & Tagline − In this section, you can add the site title and tagline you want to add to your website.
WordPress Customize Theme
Add your title name in the ‘Site Title’ section. And your tagline in the ‘Tagline’ box.
Colors − You can change your header text color using this section. As you scroll through the colors you find changes happening on the right side of your page. You can even add a color of your own into the box that is situated in between ‘Current color’ and ‘Default’.
WordPress Customize Theme
Header Image − Add a header image either by selecting from the suggestions or you can add an image of your own by clicking on ‘Add new image’.
WordPress Customize Theme
Widgets − Add widgets to your site from here.
WordPress Customize Theme
When you click on the arrow mark the following image appears.
WordPress Customize Theme
Here, there are two options −
First is the ‘Main Widget Area’, when you click on this you get another list of widgets that are to be displayed in the footer area.
WordPress Customize Theme
When you click on any of the widgets a dropdown appears where you can edit more or add more. For example − If you want to add categories then the following image appears.
WordPress Customize Theme
In this image, as you can see, you can add your category in the ‘Title’ section. Check any of the required boxes. If you do not want to add any, then say ‘Remove’. Same goes for other widgets too.
Secondary Widget − Here you must click on ‘Add a widget’and you get a side bar with a list of different widgets. Click on any and it adds up to your widget list.
WordPress Customize Theme
If you want to add more widgets then click on ‘Add a widget’again and you can add as many widgets as you want.
WordPress Customize Theme
Static Front − Select either latest posts or static front page for your site.
WordPress Customize Theme

WordPress – Widget Management

In this chapter, we will study about Widget Management. Widgets are small blocks that perform specific functions. These give design and structure control to the WordPress theme. Some specific features of a widget are −
  • They help you add content and features.
  • They can be easily dragged and dropped in widget area.
  • They vary from theme to theme. They are not same for every theme.
Step (1) − Click on Appearance → Widgets.
WordPress Widget Management
Step (2) − The following screen showing available widgets appear.
WordPress Widget Management
The following functions appear on the page −
  • Available Widgets − You can use these to add into your sidebar main.
  • Inactive Sidebar (not used) − These are not used and can be removed permanently from the widget list.
  • Inactive Widgets − Removes the widgets from sidebar but keep it in the settings.
  • Sidebar Main − Any widget you add here will appear on your site.
  • Manage in Customizer − Takes you back to customization page.
WordPress Widget ManagementWordPress Widget Management
Step (3) − Drag and drop in the Sidebar Main. Any widget you add here, shows up on your site.
WordPress Widget Management

WordPress – Background

In this chapter, we will study about background images, background colors and background opacity.
Step (1) − Click on Appearance → Background.
WordPress Background
Step (2) − The following page appears where the Background Image section shows up.
WordPress Background
Step (3) − There’s no image selected for background. If you want to do so, then click on Select Image. You get the following page.
WordPress Background
Here you can upload images using two options.
  • Upload Files
  • Media Library
Step (4) − Upload Files − When you click on Upload files the following screen is displayed. Select files from your desktop and then click on Choose Image if satisfied with the image.
WordPress Background
Step (5) − Media Library − When you click on Media Library the following page appears. Select files from the WordPress media library, which means, if you already have images updated then you can select any of them directly.
WordPress Background
After selecting an image, on the right side you will get a few options −
  • Edit Image − When you click on this you are taken to another page where you can edit the scale image, dimensions, crop image, and thumbnail settings, etc. As shown in the following image, make the required changes, click on Save and then click on Update.
WordPress Background
  • Delete Permanently − If you want your image off the library then click on this button.
  • URL − Enter your image URL into this box.
  • Title − If you want to make any changes in the title of the image you can do it right here.
  • Caption − You can explain briefly about your image in this section.
  • Alt text − Give an alternative text to your image so that it is easily available for the users during search.
  • Description − A little description about your image.
Step (6) − Click on Colors → Background Color on the same page. Change your background color accordingly. Background Opacity is not used for all themes. Theme customization is not same for every theme we use. It changes from theme to theme.
WordPress Background

WordPress – Host Transfer

In this chapter, we will study how to transfer WordPress to a new hosting platform.
Here, we have used Hostinger web hosting to transfer the WordPress site to another host.
Just follow the simple steps given below to transfer your WordPress site to another host.
Step (1) − Keep the backup of WordPress files and export the database. We will study about this in detail in the chapter WordPress – Backup & Restore
Step (2) − Login to your cPanel and click on MySQL Databases as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (3) − Create a new database and MySQL user as shown in the following screen. The page has the following fields −
WordPress Host Transfer
  • MySQL Database Name − Enter your database name.
  • MySQL Username − Enter your username.
  • Password − Set password for your database.
  • Password again − Once again set the same password as previous for authentication.
After filling all the fields, Click on Create button.
Step (4) − You can view your created MySQL database, Userand Host as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (5) − Click on + symbol.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (6) − Click on phpMyAdmin.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (7) − Click on Import tab on the phpMyAdmin page.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (8) − Click on Choose File button to select the backup file from your system and click on Go button.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (9) − You can view the tables of database uploaded as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (10) − Upload your WordPress files by using file transfer protocol(FileZilla) as shown in the chapter WordPress – Backup & Restore in Restoring WordPress Files section.
Step (11) − Edit wp-config.php file as mentioned in the Restoring WordPress Files section in chapter WordPress – Backup & Restore.
Step (12) − Inside the Website section of hostinger, Click on Auto Installer.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (13) − You can view the uploaded file of the WordPress. Click on the URL link as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Host Transfer
Step (14) − You can view the login page of WordPress.
WordPress Host Transfer

WordPress – Version Update

In this chapter, we will study how to update version in WordPress. Here, we will upgrade WordPress to the latest version through the admin panel.
Following are a few simple steps to update the version in WordPress.
Step (1) − Click on Please Update Now as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Version Update
You will get notifications in WordPress admin panel when there is a newer version available for WordPress. Before updating, it is advised to keep WordPress backup.
Step (2) − After clicking on the update link, the following page gets displayed. Click on Update Now button.
WordPress Version Update
Step (3) − The following message gets displayed during the upgradation of WordPress.
WordPress Version Update
Note − While updating the version, if you get an error as

Fatal error: Maximum execution time of 30 seconds exceeded in C:\your wordpress folder\wp-includes\class-http.php on line 1597

then you need to take the following actions −
  • Open your WordPress folder → wp-includes folder
  • Open class-http.php file and add the following line at the beginning: set_time_limit (0);
  • Save the file.
Now your WordPress is successfully upgraded.

WordPress – Spam Protection

In this chapter, we will learn how to protect your WordPress blog or website from spam. Make sure that your WordPress script is updated to the latest stable version. WordPress comes with a preinstalled antispam solution – Akismet.
You can activate Akismet, for which you should have a WordPress API key. You have to register at the official WordPress website. The key will be sent to your mail box.
Following are the steps to follow to enable Akismet Spam Protection plugin for your website or blog.
Step (1) − Go to your WordPress admin area → Plugins → Installed. The following screen will be displayed.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (2) − Click on Activate button as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (3) − The Akismet plugin will be activated and then Click on Activate your Akismet account button as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (4) − Click on Get your API key as seen in the following screen to get a new key or enter manually, if you already have API key.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (5) − If you don’t have API key then, click on GET AN AKISMET API KEY tab to move further.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (6) − Fill up the required fields and click on Sign upbutton as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (7) − Once you complete with signup process. You will get an API key in your registered e-mail id. Enter API key manually and click on Use this key button as seen in the following screen.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (8) − If you have entered a correct API key, it will be verified and you will get a confirmation message as reflected in the following screen.
WordPress Spam Protection
Step (9) − Now your blog will be protected from spam by Akismet. You will be able to check the comments in your blog for spam, as well as manually mark comments as spam from the blog admin area → Comments.
WordPress Spam Protection
You can keep a track of how many spam posts have been stopped by Akismet and you can secure your posts, blogs, comments, etc. Furthermore, you can prevent your website from spammers, who can harm your site.

WordPress – Backup & Restore

In this chapter, we will study how to Backup & Restore files and database in WordPress. In WordPress there are two parts of backing up such as −
  • WordPress Files Backup
  • WordPress Database Backup
  • WordPress Files Restore
  • WordPress Database Restore

WordPress Files Backup

To get the backup files of WordPress, you need to install FileZilla Client on your system.
Following are the simple steps used for files backup operation in WordPress −
Step (1) − Open the FileZilla Client as shown in the following screenshot.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (2) − Enter the Host, Username, Password and Portlike you have used to log-in to your cPanel.
WordPress Backup and Restore
After filling all the fields, click on Quickconnect button.
Step (3) − You will get all files and folders of your WordPress site on the right side as seen in the following screen.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (4) − Select all the files and folders and right click on the mouse and click on Download.
WordPress Backup and Restore
After downloading the WordPress files from cPanel, it will be saved on your system.

WordPress Database Backup

Following are the simple steps for database backup in WordPress −
Step (1) − Type the path http://localhost/phpmyadmin in your browser. You will get the following screen.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (2) − Click on the database name ‘wordpress’ which you have created for WordPress.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (3) − After clicking on database wordpress, it will open the following page. Click on Export tab.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (4) − You will get two methods to export the database i.e. Quick and Custom. Select any one of the methods and click on Go button.
WordPress Backup and Restore
After exporting the database file, it will get saved on your system.

Restoring WordPress Files

Following are the simple steps used to restore the files in WordPress using ftp −
Step (1) − Open the FileZilla Client and login to your site using ftp as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (2) − Open the local directory in ftp and upload all WordPress files to your website as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (3) − Then, go to your wordpress folder → wp-config.php file. Copy and rename wp-config.php file before editing, in case of some mistake you can restore this file back.
Open the wp-config.php file and locate the following code.
define('DB_NAME', 'db_name');
Replace the db_name with your database name which you have created.
define('DB_USER', 'db_user');
Replace the db_user with your username of MySql.
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'db_password');
Replace the db_password with your password of MySql.
Save your wp-config file after editing and upload it to your WordPress site through ftp.

Restoring WordPress Database

Following are the steps used to restore the database in WordPress −
Step (1) − Type the path http://localhost/phpmyadmin in the browser. The following screen will pop up.
WordPress Backup and Restore
You can create a new database or import your backup in the existing database.
Here we’ll create a new database name, i.e., new_wordpressand click on Create button.
Step (2) − You can view your created database as shown in the following screen. Click on the database name new_wordpress.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (3) − Click on Import.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Step (4) − Click on Choose File button to select the backup file from your system. After uploading the sql file, select format as SQL as shown in the following screen.
WordPress Backup and Restore
Click on Go button.
Step (5) − Once you click on Go, you will get a message after the sql file is uploaded successfully.
WordPress Backup and Restore

WordPress – Optimization

In this chapter, we will study how to Optimize WordPress site.
Here are a few simple tips to optimize your WordPress site.
  • Ensure high quality and meaningful content.
  • Have the right names for images.
  • Use short permalinks that contain keywords.
  • Have optimized themes.
  • Sitemap should be in XML format.
  • Connect posts to social networks.
  • Beware of black hat techniques.
  • Delete your trash box.
  • Keep Checking Your Site Statistics
  • Keep checking your plugins.
  • Use CSS and JavaScript effectively.

Ensure High Quality and Meaningful Content

Any page you create, the most important thing that matters is the content. You must have good content with keywords that can be helpful for users, not for the search engines. Content should be understandable and not complicated or difficult to read.

Have the right names for images

The names you choose for your images must be unique; consider choosing images keeping the user in mind. Use keywords that might be helpful for the users. Have some specific names for your images and don’t forget to add your alt tags and title tags to your images.
For example − If your image is about Chocolate sundae Ice-cream then do not mention the name as DSC12346, instead put it as ‘Chocolate-sundae-High-street-restaurant-new-york.jpg’. This would be much easier to search.

Use short permalinks that contain keywords

The permalinks you use must be understandable. For example − http://www.mywebsite.com/tutorialspoint/telangana/ instead of http://www.mywebsite.com/page-id?5631456325

Have optimized themes

Use those themes that are fast and are optimized for WordPress so that when applied to a website, it must not have low speed.

Sitemap should be in XML format

Google has many tools that can be useful. Tools like Website Optimizer, Webmaster Central, and Google XML sitemaps are very easy to use.

Connect posts to social media

Social media is a very important aspect today. So have them connected to your blog posts, pages, etc., to have good ranks and popularity. Help promote others posts and pages too and they will do the same in return.

Beware of black hat techniques

Don’t trick Google as it finds you in no time. Don’t put yourself in trouble and create problems for your site by using black hat techniques. Be sure to use genuine SEO techniques.

Delete your trash box

Always consider clearing your trash for more speed and to have a good flow with your website.

Keep checking your site statistics

Size of page matters a lot. The more images, flash, videos or media related posts on your page, the more it would be slower to load. Yslowi> module plugin is recommended to help you get a faster page browsing.

Check plugins

Having many plugins in WordPress may also be the reason for your page to slow load. So keep a check on your plugins which you’re working on. Consider checking your plugins before you add them.

Use CSS and JavaScript effectively

Always keep your CSS at the upper side of the page and JavaScript at the bottom. Let CSS load first and then JavaScript. Here is a plugin that will help you get your JavaScript’s at the bottom of the page. It is Footer javaScript.

WordPress – Reset Password

In this chapter, we will learn how to reset your passwords in WordPress. We have two methods of resetting passwords in WordPress −
  • User
  • Lost your password
Let’s look how to set password through the User section.
Step (1) − Login to your wordPress admin panel and click on Users → All Users from the dashboard.
WordPress Reset Password
Step (2) − When you click on All Users you get a page with a list of users. From this select the one you want to reset password of and click on edit.
WordPress Reset Password
When you click on edit, the following page gets displayed.
WordPress Reset Password
Now let’s look into resetting your password using Lost your password section.
Step (3) − In this page you can type in your new password that must contain 7 characters. Once you are done with setting your new password click on Update Profile.
Step (3.1) − When you try logging into your WordPress admin panel, you forget your password and need to reset it, you get the following message on the page.
WordPress Reset Password
Step (3.2) − Click on Lost your password? The following page appears. Update your e-mail and say Get New Password.
WordPress Reset Password
Step (3.3) − After you click, you get a message saying a Link has been sent to the e-mail address you provided.
Step (3.4) − Go to your e-mail and open the (WordPress Site) Password Reset mail and click on the link that is provided.
Step (3.5) − Type your new password, confirm again if required and then click on Reset Password.
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YamEen Uncategorized

wordpress interview question and answer

Dear readers, these WordPress Interview Questions have been designed specially to get you acquainted with the nature of questions you may encounter during your interview for the subject of WordPress. As per my experience good interviewers hardly plan to ask any particular question during your interview, normally questions start with some basic concept of the subject and later they continue based on further discussion and what you answer −

What is WordPress?

WordPress is an open source Content Management System (CMS), which allows the users to build dynamic websites and blog.

List some features of WordPress?

The features of WordPress are −
  • User Management
  • Media Management
  • Theme System
  • Extend with Plugins
  • Search Engine Optimized
  • Multilingual
  • Importers

What are disadvantages of WordPress?

The disadvantages of WordPress are −
  • Using several plugins can make website heavy to load and run.
  • PHP knowledge is required to do modification or changes in the WordPress website.
  • Sometimes software needs to be updated to keep the WordPress up to date with the current browsers and mobile devices. Updating of WordPress version leads to loss of data so it requires the backup copy of website.
  • Modifying and formatting the graphic images and tables is difficult.
What are the different types of gadgets present in the WordPress Dashboard?

The different types of gadgets present in the WordPress Dashboard are −
  • Dashboard Menu
  • Screen Options
  • Welcome
  • Quick Draft
  • WordPress News
  • Activity
  • At a Glance
What is the use of Quick Draft section in WordPress Dashboard?

The Quick Draft is a mini post editor allows writing, saving and publishing post from admin dashboard. It includes the title for the draft, some notes about your draft and save it as a Draft.

What is the use of WordPress News in WordPress Dashboard?The WordPress News widget displays the latest news such as latest software version, updates, alerts, news regarding the software etc from the official WordPress blog.
What is At a glance in WordPress Dashboard?

This section gives overview of your blog’s posts, number of published posts and pages, number of comments. When you click on these links, you will be taken to the respective screen. It displays the current version of running WordPress along with currently running theme on the site.

What is Activity Widget in WordPress Dashboard?

The Activity widget includes latest comments on your blog, recent posts and recently published posts. It allows you to unapprove or approve the comment, reply to the comment, editing the comment or you can delete the comment or move it to spam.

What is the use of WordPress General Setting?

WordPress general setting is used to set the basic configuration settings for your site.

What is WordPress Writing Setting?The writing settings controls WordPress writing experience and provides options for customizing WordPress site. These settings control WordPress’s features in the adding and editing posts, Pages, and Post Types, as well as the optional functions like Remote Publishing, Post via e-mail, and Update Services.
What is the use of Post via e-mail option in WordPress Writing Setting?

This option uses email address to create post for you and publishes posts on your blog by email. To use this, you’ll need to set up a secret e-mail account with a POP3 access, and any mail received at this address will be posted.

What is WordPress Reading Setting?Reading Setting is used to set the content related to the front page. Here you can set the number of post to be displayed on the main page.
What is the use of Syndication feeds show the most recent field in WordPress Reading Settings?The user can view the number of posts when they download one of the site feeds. By default, it is set as 10.
What is the use of Search Engine Visibility field in WordPress Reading settings?

It Discourage search engines from indexing this site, your site will be ignored by the search engine.

What is WordPress Discussion setting?

WordPress discussion setting can be defined as the interaction between the blogger and your visitors. These settings are done by the admin to have a control over the posts/pages that come in through users.

What is the use of Media setting?It is used to set the height and widths for the images which you’re going to use into your website.
What is Permalink setting?Permalink is a permanent link to a particular blog post or category. It allows setting the default permalink structure. These settings are used to add permalinks to your posts in WordPress.
What is Plugin setting?Plugin allows easily modifying, customizing or enhancing wordPress blog or post. The wordPress Plugin is software that can be uploaded to expand the functionality of the site. They add services or features to wordPress blog.
What is wordPress Category?Category is used to indicate sections of your site and group related posts. It sorts the group content into different sections. It is a very convenient way to organize the posts.
What is wordPress Post?Posts are also known as articles and sometimes referred as blogs or blog posts. These are used to popularize your blogs.
What is Preview Post in wordPress?Preview Post is to view the post before it is published to the user. It’s safer to preview your post and verify how your post looks on website
What is Publish Post in wordPress?Publish is used to make the post available to all the users wherein every user can view that particular post.
What is Media Library?Media Library consists of the images, audios, videos and files that you can upload and add to the content when writing a Post or Page.
What is Grid View in Media Library?It displays all images in the grid format.
How media files can be inserted into the WordPress site?Media files can be inserted to your Pages or Posts from libraries, from local storage or from URLs.
What are pages in wordPress?Pages are static content and often do not change its displayed information.
What is WYSIWYG Editor?WordPress uses a javascript plug in called TinyMCE for its WYSIWYG editor. WYSIWYG is an acronym for “What you see is what you get” and its the best way to craft content before saving your post. The editor is pretty powerful, with many buttons and options for writing content.
What is Page attribute module?Page attributes module allows you to select parents for your particular page. You can also set order of the pages.
What is Tag in wordPress?Tag is small information attached to main content or post for the purpose of identification. It tells the visitors what actually the post is about. If the tag is mentioned properly then it helps to find the content very easily.
What is the use of Slug field in tags?It is used to specify the tags URL.
What are link in WordPress?

Link is a connection from one resource to another. Adding links to your pages or blog posts helps you to connect to other pages.

What is the use of adding comments?Adding comments allows your visitors to have a discussion with you. Comments are approved by the admin and then posted to be discussed further.
What is a Moderate comment?Comment moderation is a process where, when visitors comment on posts, the comment is not published directly until and unless it is approved by the admin to be posted. It manages your comments so that there is no comment spamming.
What is the role of Contributor in WordPress?Contributor can only write and edit their posts until published. They can create their own posts and pages but cannot publish them. They cannot upload images or files but can see your site’s status. When they want to publish any post, it must be first notified personally to the administrator by the contributor to review. When the post is approved the contributor cannot make any changes once publishe
What is Theme Management in WordPress?Themes make your websites display with modification. It includes image files, templates, css stylesheets etc that can help you to make your website look great.
What is Customize theme?Customizing themes helps you to give a new look to your website. Here you can change background images/colors, add titles, and do much more.
What is Widget Management?

Widgets are small blocks that perform specific functions. These give design and structure control to the WordPress theme.
  • They help you add content and features.
  • They can be easily dragged and dropped in widget area.
  • Widgets vary theme to theme. They are not same for every theme.
Mention the steps to optimize your WordPress?

The steps to optimize the WordPress are −
  • High quality and meaningful content.
  • Have right names for images.
  • Use short permalinks that include keywords.
  • Optimized themes.
  • Sitemap in XML format.
  • Connect posts to social networks.
  • Beware of black hat techniques.
  • Delete your trash box.
  • Keep Checking Your Site Statistics
  • Keep checking your plugins.
  • Using Css and JavaScript effectively.

What is the role of Editor in WordPress?The Editor has access to all the posts, pages, comments, categories, tags, and links. They can create, publish, edit or delete any posts or pages.
What is the role of Follower in WordPress?Follower can only read and comment on the posts. Followers are the ones who have signed in to your account to receive updates.
What is the role of Viewer in WordPress?Viewers can only view your posts; they cannot edit but can only comment on the posts
What is Media Management?It is the tool for managing the media files and folder, in which you can easily upload, organize and manage your media files on your website
What is Multilingual?It allows translating all the content into the user choice languages.
What is User Management?It allows managing the user information such as changing the role of the users to (subscriber, contributor, author, editor or administrator), create or delete the user, change the password and user information. The main part of the user manager is Authentication.
Which is the PHP compatibility used for WordPress?PHP 5.2+
What is WordPress Dashboard?The WordPress Dashboard is a first screen which will be seen when you log into the administration area of your blog which will display overview of the website. It is a collection of gadgets that provide information and give a glance overview of what’s happening with your blog. You can customize your needs by using some quick links such as writing quick draft, replying to latest comment etc.
What is the use of Avatar field in WordPress Discussion Setting?Avatar is a small image that displays at the top-right-hand corner of the dashboard screen beside your name. It is like your profile picture.
What is the use of WordPress Address field in General setting?It is the URL of WordPress directory where your all core application files are present.
What is the use of Mail Server in WordPress Writing setting?It allows reading the emails that you send to WordPress and stores them for retrieval. For this you need to have POP3 compatible mail server and it will have URI address such as mail.example.com, which you should enter here.
What are Importers?It allows importing data in the form of posts. It imports custom files, comments, post pages and tags.


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YamEen Uncategorized

wordpress reset password

In this chapter, we will learn how to reset your passwords in WordPress. We have two methods of resetting passwords in WordPress −
  • User
  • Lost your password
Let’s look how to set password through the User section.
Step (1) − Login to your wordPress admin panel and click on Users → All Users from the dashboard.

WordPress Reset Password

Step (2) − When you click on All Users you get a page with a list of users. From this select the one you want to reset password of and click on edit.

WordPress Reset Password

When you click on edit, the following page gets displayed.

WordPress Reset Password

Now let’s look into resetting your password using Lost your password section.
Step (3) − In this page you can type in your new password that must contain 7 characters. Once you are done with setting your new password click on Update Profile.
Step (3.1) − When you try logging into your WordPress admin panel, you forget your password and need to reset it, you get the following message on the page.

WordPress Reset Password

Step (3.2) − Click on Lost your password? The following page appears. Update your e-mail and say Get New Password.

WordPress Reset Password

Step (3.3) − After you click, you get a message saying a Link has been sent to the e-mail address you provided.
Step (3.4) − Go to your e-mail and open the (WordPress Site) Password Reset mail and click on the link that is provided.
Step (3.5) − Type your new password, confirm again if required and then click on Reset Password.
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YamEen Uncategorized

wordpress optimization

In this chapter, we will study how to Optimize WordPress site.
Here are a few simple tips to optimize your WordPress site.
  • Ensure high quality and meaningful content.
  • Have the right names for images.
  • Use short permalinks that contain keywords.
  • Have optimized themes.
  • Sitemap should be in XML format.
  • Connect posts to social networks.
  • Beware of black hat techniques.
  • Delete your trash box.
  • Keep Checking Your Site Statistics
  • Keep checking your plugins.
  • Use CSS and JavaScript effectively.

Ensure High Quality and Meaningful Content

Any page you create, the most important thing that matters is the content. You must have good content with keywords that can be helpful for users, not for the search engines. Content should be understandable and not complicated or difficult to read.

Have the right names for images

The names you choose for your images must be unique; consider choosing images keeping the user in mind. Use keywords that might be helpful for the users. Have some specific names for your images and don’t forget to add your alt tags and title tags to your images.
For example − If your image is about Chocolate sundae Ice-cream then do not mention the name as DSC12346, instead put it as ‘Chocolate-sundae-High-street-restaurant-new-york.jpg’. This would be much easier to search.

Use short permalinks that contain keywords

The permalinks you use must be understandable. For example − Use http://www.mywebsite.com/tutorialspoint/telangana/ instead of http://www.mywebsite.com/page-id?5631456325

Have optimized themes

Use those themes that are fast and are optimized for WordPress so that when applied to a website, it must not have low speed.

Sitemap should be in XML format

Google has many tools that can be useful. Tools like Website Optimizer, Webmaster Central, and Google XML sitemaps are very easy to use.

Connect posts to social media

Social media is a very important aspect today. So have them connected to your blog posts, pages, etc., to have good ranks and popularity. Help promote others posts and pages too and they will do the same in return.

Beware of black hat techniques

Don’t trick Google as it finds you in no time. Don’t put yourself in trouble and create problems for your site by using black hat techniques. Be sure to use genuine SEO techniques.

Delete your trash box

Always consider clearing your trash for more speed and to have a good flow with your website.

Keep checking your site statistics

Size of page matters a lot. The more images, flash, videos or media related posts on your page, the more it would be slower to load. Yslowi> module plugin is recommended to help you get a faster page browsing.

Check plugins

Having many plugins in WordPress may also be the reason for your page to slow load. So keep a check on your plugins which you’re working on. Consider checking your plugins before you add them.

Use CSS and JavaScript effectively

Always keep your CSS at the upper side of the page and JavaScript at the bottom. Let CSS load first and then JavaScript. Here is a plugin that will help you get your JavaScript’s at the bottom of the page. It is Footer javaScript.

                                  <<<   Back to WordPress Home

YamEen Uncategorized

wordpress backup and restore

In this chapter, we will study how to Backup & Restore files and database in WordPress. In WordPress there are two parts of backing up such as −
  • WordPress Files Backup
  • WordPress Database Backup
  • WordPress Files Restore
  • WordPress Database Restore

WordPress Files Backup

To get the backup files of WordPress, you need to install FileZilla Client on your system.
Following are the simple steps used for files backup operation in WordPress −
Step (1) − Open the FileZilla Client as shown in the following screenshot.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (2) − Enter the Host, Username, Password and Portlike you have used to log-in to your cPanel.

WordPress Backup and Restore

After filling all the fields, click on Quickconnect button.
Step (3) − You will get all files and folders of your WordPress site on the right side as seen in the following screen.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (4) − Select all the files and folders and right click on the mouse and click on Download.

WordPress Backup and Restore

After downloading the WordPress files from cPanel, it will be saved on your system.

WordPress Database Backup

Following are the simple steps for database backup in WordPress −
Step (1) − Type the path http://localhost/phpmyadmin in your browser. You will get the following screen.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (2) − Click on the database name ‘wordpress’ which you have created for WordPress.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (3) − After clicking on database wordpress, it will open the following page. Click on Export tab.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (4) − You will get two methods to export the database i.e. Quick and Custom. Select any one of the methods and click on Go button.

WordPress Backup and Restore

After exporting the database file, it will get saved on your system.

Restoring WordPress Files

Following are the simple steps used to restore the files in WordPress using ftp −
Step (1) − Open the FileZilla Client and login to your site using ftp as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (2) − Open the local directory in ftp and upload all WordPress files to your website as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (3) − Then, go to your wordpress folder → wp-config.php file. Copy and rename wp-config.php file before editing, in case of some mistake you can restore this file back.
Open the wp-config.php file and locate the following code.
define('DB_NAME', 'db_name');
Replace the db_name with your database name which you have created.
define('DB_USER', 'db_user');
Replace the db_user with your username of MySql.
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'db_password');
Replace the db_password with your password of MySql.
Save your wp-config file after editing and upload it to your WordPress site through ftp.

Restoring WordPress Database

Following are the steps used to restore the database in WordPress −
Step (1) − Type the path http://localhost/phpmyadmin in the browser. The following screen will pop up.

WordPress Backup and Restore

You can create a new database or import your backup in the existing database.
Here we’ll create a new database name, i.e., new_wordpressand click on Create button.
Step (2) − You can view your created database as shown in the following screen. Click on the database name new_wordpress.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (3) − Click on Import.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Step (4) − Click on Choose File button to select the backup file from your system. After uploading the sql file, select format as SQL as shown in the following screen.

WordPress Backup and Restore

Click on Go button.
Step (5) − Once you click on Go, you will get a message after the sql file is uploaded successfully.

WordPress Backup and Restore

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